During the present study 34 fungal species and 6 chromista species have been recorded on the water samples/decomposing substrates. The morphological features of the recorded fungal and chromista species are given below.
Absidia corymbifera(Cohn) Sacc. & Trotter, in Saccardo, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 21: 825 (1912)
Index Fungorum Number: IF221175; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09589
Sporangiophores are hyaline to faintly pigmented, simple or sometimes branched arising solitary from the stolons, in groups of three or in whorls of up to seven. Rhizoids are very sparingly produced. Sporangia are small (10–40 µm in diameter) and are typically pyriform in shape with a characteristic conical-shaped columella and pronounced apophysis, often with a short projection at the top. Sporangiospores vary from subglobose to oblong-ellipsoidal (3.0 – 7.0 × 2.5 – 4.5µm), are hyaline to light grey and are smooth-walled.
Material collected on 5 April 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Dendrocalamus strictus, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 1.
Absidia sp.
Mycelium submerged as well as aerial. Sporangiophores straight, in groups of two to five. Sporangia pyriform, erect. Sporangiospores small, globose or oval, cylindrical. Zygospores formed on the stolons, surrounded by prominent circinate filaments which tend to envelop the zygospore. Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged Eucalyptus hybrid dead leaves Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 2.
Achlya debaryanaHumphrey, Trans. Am. phil. Soc., New Series 17: 117 (1893) [1892]
Index Fungorum Number: IF210282; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09590
Hyphae coenocytic, up to 40 µm wide. Zoosporangia cylindric, up to 250 × 20–40 µm. Zoospores large, 12.1–14.6 µm. Oogonia abundant, borne on short straight and lateral stalks of varying forms. Antheridia rarely present. Oospores eccentric, 1-2 in number in each oogonium, globose, 20–30 µm in diameter.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 3.
Achlya recurvaCornu, in Lambotte, Fl.myc. Belg. (Verviers): 120 (1880)
Facesoffungi Number: FoF09591
Mycelium extensive, diffuse, dense at periphery of the colony. Principle hyphae branched, 16-108 µm in diameter. Zoosporangia mostly clavate, rarely fusiform, straight, renewed sympodially. Zoospore discharge achlyoid, encysted spores 9-20 µm in diameter. Oogonia abundant, mostly lateral, rarely terminal, spherical, 25.2-64.8 µm in diameter covered with truncate wall ornamentation. Anthredia usually androgynous, rarely branched, anthredial cells clavate, filiform, simple.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged mix fruits Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 4.
Acremonium tectonaeR.F. Castañeda [as 'Acromoniun'], Fungi Cubenses II (La Habana): 2 (1987)
Index Fungorum Number: IF131697; Facesoffungi number: FoF00880
Hyperparasite on rust spores. Rust sori become whitish due to infection. Mycelium colonizing rust spores, thin, hyaline, smooth walled, septate, branched. Conidiophores arising from mycelium wrapping rust spores, erect, smooth walled, generally one septate, hyaline. Conidia often hanging together in a bundle at the ends of phialides, hyaline, smooth, aseptate. Conidiophores, 14-35 × 1-1.5μm. Conidia, 2.5-7.5 × 1-2 μm.
Material collected on 5 April 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Dendrocalamus strictus, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 5.
Alternaria alternata(Fr.) Keissl., Beih. bot. Zbl., Abt. 2 29: 434 (1912).
Index Fungorum Number: IF119834; Facesoffungi Number: FoF03825
Conidiophores macronematous, rarely branched, dark brown with light brown tip and many conidial scars, 30-95 × 3.5-5 μm. Conidia olivaceous brown with pale yellow tip, transverse, oblique and longitudinal septa, 12.5-32.5 × 7.5-12.5 μm with beak 7.5-30µm long. Its distribution is cosmopolitan.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 6.
Alternaria solaniSorauer, Z. PflKrankh. 6: 6 (1896)
Index Fungorum Number: IF216613; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09592
Conidiophores arising singly or in small groups, straight or flexuous, septate, rather pale brown or olivaceous brown, up to 110 μ long, 6-10 μ thick. Conidia usually solitary, straight or slightly flexous, obclavate or with the body of the conidium oblong or ellipsoidal tapering to a beak which is commonly the same length as or rather longer than the body, pale or mid pale, golden or olivaceous brown, smooth, overall length usually 150-300 μ, 15-19 μ thick in the broadest part, with 9-11 transverse and zero or a few longitudinal or oblique septa.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 7.
Althornia crouchiiE.B.G. Jones & Alderman, Nova Hedwigia 21(3-4): 382 (1972) [1971]
Index Fungorum Number: IF308522; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09593
Multicellular, globose bodies occurred on submerged plant materials, isolated as an oyster shell pathogen, but exists free floating in culture. Outer wall thick, brownish with centrally hyaline, granular, nutritive starch and glycogenic material, lacks bothrosomes and ectoplasmic net, producing dimorphic planonts.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves, fruits and twigs, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 8.
Aspergillus oryzae(Ahlb.) Cohn, Jber. schles. Ges. vaterl. Kultur 61: 227 (1884) [1883]
Index Fungorum Number: IF184394; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09594
Vegetative mycelium submerged, forming a tough basal felt, producing abundant long-stalked conidial structures. Conidial heads radiate. Conidiophores mostly from submerged mycelium, erect, thin walled, hyaline, roughened and up to 5 mm long, 4-6 µm at the base, enlarging beneath the vesicles up to 25 µm. Vesicles subglobose, fertile over the entire surface, thin walled, collapsing easily. Phialides uniseriate in smaller heads, 10-15 × 3.5-5.2 µm. Phialides biseriate in larger heads with metulae 7.5-12.5 × 3.8-5 µm. Conidia pyriform or elliptical when young, globose to subglobose at maturity, nearly smooth to roughened, 4.5-6.8 µm, rarely up to 10 µm. Sclerotia often produced, dark.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged Eucalyptus hybrid dead leaves Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 9.
Aspergillus nidulans(Eidam) G. Winter, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 62 (1884)
Index Fungorum Number: IF182069; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09595
Conidiophores thick walled, smooth, sometimes verrucose, aseptate, geniculated, olivaceous brown, 12.5-162.5 × 3.75-6.25 mm. Conidial head yellowish green, 22.5-32.5 mm in diameter. Vesicle sub-globose, thick walled, about 7.5 – 12.5 mm in diameter, fertile only on the upper part. Phialides borne directly on vesicle. Conidia smooth or echinulate, globose, olivaceous green, 3-5 µm in diameter. Hulle cells globose, thick walled, 1.5 – 13.5 mm in diameter.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged mix fruits, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 10.
Aspergillus terreusThom, in Thom & Church, Am. J. Bot. 5: 84 (1918)
Index Fungorum Number: IF191719; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09596
Conidial heads with conidia borne in definite characteristic compact columns up to 500 × 30-50 µ diameter. Conidiophores smooth, colourless, 100-250 × 4-6 µ diameter, vesicles dome shaped bearing tightly packed more or less parallel metulae over the upper two-thirds of the surface, 5-7 × 2-2.5 µ. Phialides 5.5-7.5 × 1.5-2 µ. Conidia small, globose or nearly smooth, about 2 µ diameter. In addition to these usual features, some globose to ovate or truncate heavy walled hyaline cells 6-7 µ diameter are produced singly or in clusters from the submerged mycelium.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves, fruits and twigs, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 11.
Aspergillus flavusLink, Mag. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin 3(1-2): 16 (1809)
Index Fungorum Number: IF209842; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09597
Mycelium white. Conidiophores macronematous, thick walled, smooth, simple, aseptate, pale yellow to light brown, 600-690 × 10-12.5 µm. Conidial head globose, dark, 70-90 µm. Vesicle globose, thick walled, entirely covered with phialides. Phialides borne directly on vesicle, club shaped, colourless to pale yellow, about 20 µm in length. Conidia rounded, echinulate, light brown, 3.15-5 µm in diameter.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged mix fruits, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 12.
Curvularia lunataWakker) Boedijn, Bull. Jard. bot. Buitenz, 3 Sér. 13(1): 127 (1933)
Index Fungorum Number: IF269889; Facesoffungi Number: FoF00511
Mycelium septate, profusely branched, in the substratum sub-hyaline to light brown, at the surface brown, 2-5 µ wide. Conidiophores dark brown, unbranched, septate towards the tip, sometimes twisted, up to 270 µ long, 2-4 µ wide. Conidia boat shaped, brown, 3- septate, the third cell from the base conspicously larger, broader and darker than the others, curved or sometimes straight, each with a sub-hyaline, rounded apical cell, and a subhyaline, somewhat obcoconical basal cell which bears a sear indicating point of attachment to the conidiophore, 17-35.8 µ long, 8-16.4 wide where widest.
Material collected on 5 April 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Dendrocalamus strictus, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 13.
Cylindrocladium scopariumMorgan, Bot. Gaz. 17: 191 (1892)
Index Fungorum Number: IF152715; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09598
Mycelium superficial, immersed, septate, branched. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect and simple. Conidiogenous cell phialidic arranged in pencillate manner, each phialide cylindrical, smooth, 3-9 µm long, 2-5 µm broad, hyaline to subhyaline. Conidia phialidic elongated, smooth, 1-septate, 6-15 µm still long, 3-6 µm broad, hyaline to whitish.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Mangifera indica Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 14.
Cylindrosporium sp.
Mycelium immersed, branched, septate, hyaline. Conidiomata acervular, white, slimy, subcuticular, separate or confluent, formed of pale brown to hyaline, thin walled texture angularis. Conidiophores hyaline, parallel, branched only at the base, 1-2 septate, smooth, formed the upper pseudoparenchyma. Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, integrated, cylindrical, hyaline and smooth. Conidia straight or slightly curved, aseptate, cylindrical, thin walled, smooth, hyaline, eguttulate.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged twigs and branches, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 15.
Cylindrocladium sp.
Conidiophores erect or suberect, branching repeatedly near the apex to give a penicillate appearance. Phialides doliiform. Conidia aggregated in parallel bundles, cylindrical, straight or curved, mostly one septate. Chlamydospores commonly produced singly.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 16.
Fusarium moniliformeJ. Sheld., Nebraska Agric. Exp. Stat. Rep. 17: 23 (1904)
Index Fungorum Number: IF142842; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09599
Microconidiophores simple, lateral, subulate phialides formed on the aerial hyphae. Microconidia formed in chains, fusiform with a slightly flattened base, 0-1 septate, 10-15 × 2.5-3 μm. Macroconidiophores consists of a single basal cell bearing 2-3 apical phialides. Macroconidia allantoid, tapered at the two ends, 3-6 septate, 17.5-47.5 × 3.5-5 μm. Chlamydospores absent in both mycelium and conidia.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Dalbergia sissoo, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 17.
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 7): 296 (1881)
Index Fungorum Number: IF190352; Facesoffungi Number: FoF01873
Mycelium striate, sparse, floccose, grey-white, Agar develop brownish-pinkish discolouration. Microconidia develop abundantly after 2-3 days, aseptate, hyaline, 10-22.5 × 3-4µm, phialides 40-70 × 2.5-3μm. Macroconidia develop after 4-7 days from short multibranched conidiophores, which may form sporodochia, fusoid, 1-3 septate, 30-42.5 × 3.5-5μm. Chlamydospores develop after 7-14 days, globose-oval, smooth-rough walled, terminal or intercalary.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 18.
Fusarium oxysporumSchltdl., Fl. berol. (Berlin) 2: 139 (1824)
Index Fungorum Number: IF218372; Facesoffungi Number: FoF03824
Mycelium delicate, white or peach but usually with purple tinge, reverse pink, floccose. Microconidia borne on simple phialides, 10-12.5 × 2-2.5 μm, arising laterally on the hyphae. Microconidia abundant, oval-ellipsoid, 0-1 septate, 5-15 × 2.5-3 μm. Macroconidia straight to slightly curved, 0-3 septate, 20-42.5 × 4-5μm.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged Eucalyptus hybrid dead leaves Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 19.
Fusarium equiseti(Corda) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 4: 707 (1886)
Index Fungorum Number: IF199819; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09600
Mycelium aerial. Macroconidia only are produced and these may be variable in size and are produced from single solitary or grouped phialides. Conidia 4-7 septate, 22-60 × 3.5-9µ, often with elongated apical cell. Chlamydospores globose, 7-9µ diameter, intercalary, solitary in chains or clumps.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged twigs and branches, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 20.
Fusarium pallidoroseum(Cooke) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 4: 720 (1886)
Index Fungorum Number: IF232434; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09601
Mycelium aerial. Macroconidia of two types, primary and secondary. Primary macroconidia with wedge-shape foot cell, 0-5 septate, 7.5-35 × 2.5-4µ. Secondary macroconidia with typical heeled foot-cell, 3-7 septate, 20-46 × 3-5.5µ, formed from phialides usually grouped in sporodochia.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Dalbergia sissoo, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 21.
Gilmaniella sp.
Mycelium superficial and immersed. Hyphae at first colourless when young, smooth, later becoming brown and verruculose or finely echinulate, transverse septa often thick and very dark. Stroma, setae and hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores semi-macronematous, mononematous, straight. Conidia solitary, dry, simple, spherical, dark brown with a small but very distinct germ pore, smooth, zero septate.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves, fruits and twigs, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 22.
Gliocladium sp.
Hyphae hyaline, branched, septate. Conidiophores erect, arising from the substratum or from aerial hyphae, hyaline, simple or branched at the apex in a dense penicillate fashion bearing metulae and phialides, besides the penicillate conidiophores, primary, simply verticillate conidiophores may be present, ultimate sporogenous cells philiades. Phialides sometimes divergent, more often slightly or closely adpressed, bottle-shaped, frequently more convex on one side. Conidia hyaline or pigmented, 0-septate, ovoid or sometimes flattened on one side.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged mix fruits, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 23.
Monodictys levis(Wiltshire) S. Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 36: 785 (1958)
Index Fungorum Number: IF301287; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09602
Conidia clavate or pyriform, few – celled, often constricted at the septa, clear pale to mid brown or greyish brown, smooth, base conico-truncate, 17-30 × 15-19μ. Phialides sometimes present, phialoconidia catenate or in slimy heads, hyaline, 2-4 × 1.5-2 μ.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 24.
Paecilomyces variotiiBainier Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 23(1): 27 (1907)
Index Fungorum Number: IF248517; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09603
Chlamydospores borne singly or in short chains, intercalary or terminal, more or less globose, brown, 4-8 µm in diameter. Fertile hyphae usually short chains, intercalary or terminal, more or less globose. Conidiophores repeatedly verticillate or freely and irregularly branched, up to 325 µm long. Metuale divergent. phialides irregularly distributed along the fertile hyphae, with long acuminate conidium bearing tubes usually bent away from the axis of the cell and widely divergent at the apex, bearing long, tangled chains of conidia, 11.5-20.2 × 2.4-3 µm.
Material collected on 5 April 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Dendrocalamus strictus, Gaur River, Jabulpur, Fig. 25.
Penicillium chrysogenumThom, Bull. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau Animal Industry 118: 58 (1910)
Index Fungorum Number: IF165757; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09604
Conidiation light to moderate, greyish to dull green or near glaucous blue-green. In some isolates conidation appears more yellow-green because of the presence of exudate, in others becoming buff or brown centrally, conidia en masse blue or blue-green. Exudates characteristically produced, moderately abundant to copious, pale to bright yellow or yellow brown; soluble pigment bright yellow, sometimes absent.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 26.
Penicillium sp.
Vegetative hyphae creeping, septate. Conidiophores usually conspicuous, more or less erect, branched, series of branches giving characteristic brush like penicillus. Phialides borne in groups directly at the apex of the conidiophores or branches of the conidiophores. Conidia borne in long chains, globose to ovoid.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Mangifera indica Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 27.
Periconia madreeyaSubram., J. Indian bot. Soc. 34: 355 (1955)
Index Fungorum Number: IF302485, Facesoffungi Number: FoF09605
Conidiophores without apical heads of conidia. Stipe usually unbranched and sterile at the tip, but occasionally branched or producing conidia at the tip. Stipe erect, straight or bent, up to 12-septate, pale brown below, dark brown above and thick walled. Sporogenous cell produced singly or in small groups of 2-4 from cells towards the upper half or central part of the stripe. Conidia produced acropetally in single or branched chains from the sporogenous cells but maturing from the apex backward in the chains, dark brown, one celled, globose, thick walled, verrucose to minutely echinulate, 8-12 µ in diameter.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves, fruits and twigs, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 28.
Phoma exiguaSacc., Michelia 1(no. 5): 525 (1879)
Index Fungorum Number: IF375167; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09606
Mycellium aerial, not concentrically zoned. Conidia 5.5-10 × 2.5-3.5 μ, straight or slightly curved, ellipsoid or cylindrical, often biguttulate and becoming one septate.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 29.
Pythium carolinianumV.D. Matthews, Stud. genus Pythium: 71 (1931)
Index Fungorum Number: IF259923; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09607
Mycelium well developed, intra or extramatrical, hyphae large, branching irregular and free. Sporangia mainly terminal, sometimes intercalary, spherical to elongated with well-developed papilla, 20-30 µm in diameter. Secondary sporangia often formed by proliferation through the primary ones. Zoospores numerous in a vesicles, biciliate. Oogonia numerous, spherical, terminal or intercalary, smooth walled, 14-21 µm in diameter. Antheridia 1-4 per oogonium, borne from the same or another hypha as the oogonium. Oospores forming one in each oogonium, not filling the oogonium, spherical, smooth, 12-19.2 µm in diameter.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged twigs and branches, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 30.
Pythium debaryanumR. Hesse (1874)
Index Fungorum Number: IF176113; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09608
Mycelium with abundant branching, short side branches thread-like and curved. Sporangia always spherical, terminal or lateral. Conidia colourless, terminal or intercalary with a moderately thick wall. Oogonia spherical and terminal on short side branches, with a smooth, thin entire wall, 20-55 µm in diameter. Antheridia many, arising from the oogonial stalk. Oospores aplerotic, with a small eccentrically placed vacuole, wall clear, thin, smooth.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves, fruits and twigs, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 31.
Pythium sp.
Hyphae coenocytic. Sporangia thread like, cylindrical, terminal or intercalary. Zoospores formed in a vesicle at the tip of the evacuation tube arising from the sporangium. Oogonia terminal or intercalary, mostly contain only one oospore. Antheridia club shaped. Oospore spherical with large central colourless fat-drop.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Mangifera indica Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 32.
Rhizopus oryzaeWent & Prins. Geerl., Verh. K. Akad. Wet., tweede sect. 4(2): 16 (1895)
Index Fungorum Number: IF433253; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09609
Mycelium snow-white in early stages, at maturity black, stolons little developed not forming nodes regularly. Rhizoids pale, with 4-8 branches, developed at nodes bearing sporangia. Stolons of sporangiophores often prostrate, rarely single, forming umbels or corymbs on their stolons. Sporangia spherical, dark-brown, 85-250 µm in diameter. Columella and apophysis together soon collapse after spore release. Spores 40-75 µm high, 60-100 µm in width. Sporangiospores irregular in shape, angular, ovate or subglobose with obtuse angles. Zygospores round, oval or without definite shape, 120-140 µm. Suspensors equal or different in size and shape. Chlamydospores always present singly or in short chains, 16-32 µm in diameter.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabulpur, Fig. 33.
Rhizoctonia solaniJ.G. Kühn, Ann. Sper. agr., N.S.: 224 (1858)
Index Fungorum Number: IF229666; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09610
Mycelium highly variable in appearance depending on its age, composed at first of colourless hyphae, later becoming yellowish and then deep brown in colour, the cell contents becoming granular and finally disappearing. Hyphal branches typically constricted at points of origin. Sclerotia irregular in shape, black, closely adpressed to the host surface, varying in size from that of a pinhead to that of a pea.
Material collected on 20 May 2011, isolated from submerged twigs and branches, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 34.
Scopulariopsis sp.
Mycelium partly superficial partly immersed. Stroma none. Setae and hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores macronematous or semimacronematous, mononematous, branched with branches mostly restricted to the apical region or unbranched. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, sometimes integrated, terminal, more commonly discrete and arranged penicillately, percurrent, closely annellate, ampulliform, lageniform, subulate or cylindrical. Conidia catenate, dry, acrogenous, simple, ellipsoidal, obovoid, pyriform or subspherical, truncate with a rim at the base, colourless to brown, smooth or verrucose, zero septate.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 35.
Syncephalastrum racemosumCohn ex J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien (Breslau) 3.1(9– 16): 217 (1886) [1889]
Index Fungorum Number: IF201627; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09611
Turf at first white, later grey, up to 6 mm high, mycelium with pseudoholdfast, which connect with short rhizoids that soon become overgrown. Conidiophores, vigorous, at first unbranched then laterally branched with strongly curved lateral. Fruiting head globose or oval, 22-70 mm wide brown to grey with numerous small warts to which the merosporangia are attached. Spores 5-10 per sporangia, irregular in size, mostly globose, 2.5-5 mm diameter.
Material collected on 5 April 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Dendrocalamus strictus, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 36.
Trichoderma aureovirideRifai, Mycol. Pap. 116: 34 (1969)
Index Fungorum Number: IF340298; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09612
Mycelium form compact networks, hyphae branched, septate, colourless. Conidiation forming compact dull green tufts or pustules. Chlamydospores sparse, intercalary on submerged creeping mycelium, smooth, up to 10 µm. Conidiophores flexuous, form compact distinct zones or irregularly dispersed on the surface of the colony. Simple conidiophores may arise later outside the primary conidiophores, main conidiophores slender, regularly, vertically branched, side branches arise above the septa in groups of 2-3, in turn the side branches put forth smaller branches again, length of the side branches increases with the distance away from the apex which results in conifer-like appearance, the branches bend little towards the bearer and all the branches end in philiades. Philiades long and slender, lageniform to subulate. Conidia smooth walled, obovoid or occasionally obovote with distinct truncate base, 3-4.3 × 2-3 µm.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 37.
Trichoderma harzianumRifai, Mycol. Pap. 116: 38 (1969)
Index Fungorum Number: IF340299; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09613
Mycelium creeping, septate, branched, 2-3 µm broad. Conidiophores micronematous or semimicronematous, simple or branched, 20-30 µm long, 2-3 µm broad, producing phialidic. Conidiogenous cells phialidic terminal or in verticils on the conidiophores laginiforms with long neck, 8-12 µm long, 2-4 µm in the broadest up to 5 µm broad in the pointed neck like region. Conidia greenish held in mucilaginous mass to form a head consisting 5-10 conidia.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 38.
Trichoderma viridePers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 92 (1794)
Index Fungorum Number: IF181950; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09614
Mycelium superficial, creeping, hyphae septate, branched. Conidiophores, macronematous, semimacronematous, mononematous, erect or branched, 10-'15μm long, 2.8-5.6 μm broad. Conidia zero septate dry or slimy, solitary or in chains or in cluster of conidial mass 2.8-4.2 μm in diameter, smooth or slightly verrucose bright green in colour.
Material collected on 9 March 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Tectona grandis, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 39.
Verticillium nubilumPethybr., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 6(2): 117 (1919) [1918]
Index Fungorum Number: IF225664; Facesoffungi Number: FoF09615
Cultures growing readily on PDA. Mycelium becoming weakly to compactly white. Flocculose brownish to cream, blackish in reverse after 2-3 weeks with the formation of chlamydospores. Hyaline sectors frequently produced.
Conidiophores abundantly in recent isolates, erect, hyaline, verticillately branched, 1-3 phialides arising at each node. Phialides variable in size, mainly 25-35 × 1-2.5µ. Conidia arise singly at the apices of phialides, ellipsoidal, hyaline, simple, sometimes, one septate.
Resting mycelium absent. Chlamydospores abundantly produced singly or in chains, 8.5-17.5µ. Microsclerotia absent, globose to sub globose singly or in chains.
Material collected on 5 April 2011, isolated from submerged leaves of Dendrocalamus strictus, Gaur River, Jabalpur, Fig. 40.
The samples collected from Gaur River were observed by both direct method and baiting technique. By direct method the collected samples which include submerged leaves, fruits, and twigs revealed that five fungal species (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Gilmaniella sp., Periconia madreeya, Rhizoctonia solani) and two chromista species (Althornia crouchii, Pythium debaryanum) are present on these plant parts.
The baiting method was carried out on the samples which include: leaves, twigs, branches and mixed fruits of selected plant species and during the study 31 fungal species and 4 chromista species have been isolated, the voucher specimens of all the species have been deposited at the Tropical Forest Research Institute Jabalpur M.P-India (Table 2).
The diversity of fungal and chromista species on different plant substrata of 5 taxa from 2 water bodies of Jabalpur MP- India is depicted Fig. 41A-E.
Present study revealed that maximum number of fungal genera were recorded from submerged litter samples of Tectona grandis (13 genera) (Fig. 41A) followed by submerged litter of Dendrocalamus strictus (09) (Fig. 41B) Mangifera indica (03) Eucalyptus hybrid (3 genera) (Fig. 41C, D). The leaves of Tectona grandis were colonized by more number of fungi belonging to Ascomycota. The maximum percentage frequency of the fungi which colonize on litter of T. grandis was recorded to be Monodictys levis (46.66), followed by Phoma exigua (40), Rhizopus oryzae (33.33) and Alternaria alternata (20). The two species of the genus Trichoderma, namely: T. viride and T. aureoviride also colonize the litter of T. grandis. Similarly the other plant species studied presently which include: Dendrocalamus strictus, Eucalyptus hybrid, Dalbergia sissoo,
Mangifera indica have also been colonized by different fungal species (Fig. 41).
The twigs and branches of these plant species were colonized by different fungal species and the percentage frequency was depicted in (Fig. 42A). Mixed fruit of different plant species like Terminalia arjuna, Butea monospermum, Pongamia pinnata were analyzed for colonization of various aquatic fungi. It has been observed that 3 fungal species (Aspergillus nidulans,
Aspergillus flavus and Gliocladium sp.) colonize the mixed fruits of aforementioned angiospermic plant species (Fig. 42B).
The cluster analysis data on the basis of presence and absence of fungal and chromista species is depicted on various plant hosts in Figs 43, 44. The study revealed that the different fungal communities on various plant hosts vary significantly.