-
Figure 1.
Functions of grape WRKY transcription factors in biotic stresses. The expression of grape WRKY members were induced (solid blue arrows) by pathogen attack (DM, Plasmopara viticola; PM, Erysiph ecichoraceaum; WR, Coniella diplodiella), hormone (JA, Methyl jasmonate; SA, Salicylic acid; Et, Ethylene), and wound. Grape WRKY members enhanced (solid arrows) or repressed (dotted lines) plant resistance to different types of pathogens. Grape WRKY members in red font were involved in regulating the expression of JA signaling pathway-related denfense genes. Grape WRKY members in black font were involved in regulating the expression of SA signaling pathway-related defence genes. Grape WRKY members involved in regulating the expression of JA signaling pathway-related defence genes (red font), SA signaling pathway-related defence genes (black font), both SA and JA signaling pathway-related defence genes (blue font), or unknown (purple font). The function of WRKY members were identified in grapevines (red arrows) or other plants (black arrows).
-
Figure 2.
Functions of grape WRKY transcription factors in abiotic stresses. The expression of grape WRKY members were induced (solid blue arrows) by abiotic stress, and hormones (ABA, Abscisic acid; Et, Ethylene). Grape WRKY members were involved in plant hormone synthesis (red dotted arrows). Grape WRKY members enhanced (solid arrows) or repressed (dotted arrows) plant abiotic stresses tolerance.
-
Gene name Gene number Location Gene number Former names VvWRKY1 GSVIVT01012196001 chr1:628,681..633,595 VIT_01s0011g00720 VvWRKY2 GSVIVT01020060001 chr1:10,977,206..10,982,627 VIT_01s0026g01730 VvWRKY3 GSVIVT01010525001 chr1:21,460,152..21,461,423 VIT_01s0010g03930 VlWRKY3[41], VvWRKY8[51], VvWRKY3[49] VvWRKY4 GSVIVT01019419001 chr2:512,179..513,535 VIT_02s0025g00420 VvWRKY5 GSVIVT01019511001 chr2:1,228,115..1,229,951 VIT_02s0025g01280 VvWRKY6 GSVIVT01035426001 chr4:1,210,142..1,211,252 VIT_04s0008g01470 VvWRKY7 GSVIVT01035884001 chr4:5,247,432..5,248,815 VIT_04s0008g05750 VvWRKY8 GSVIVT01035885001 chr4:5,265,887..5,267,902 VIT_04s0008g05760 VpWRKY3[59] VvWRKY9 GSVIVT01035965001 chr4:6,569,931..6,576,445 VIT_04s0008g06600 VvWRKY10 GSVIVT01033188001 chr4:9,363,044..9,365,026 VIT_04s0069g00920 VvWRKY11[17] VvWRKY11 GSVIVT01033194001 chr4:9,399,822..9,400,803 VIT_04s0069g00970 VvWRKY12 GSVIVT01033195001 chr4:9,409,805..9,411,286 VIT_04s0069g00980 VvWRKY13 GSVIVT01019109001 chr4:16,664,476..16,666,517 VIT_04s0023g00470 VvWRKY14 GSVIVT01034968001 chr5:530,097..531,696 VIT_05s0077g00730 VvWRKY15 GSVIVT01025491001 chr6:364,396..365,481 VIT_06s0004g00230 VvWRKY16 GSVIVT01024624001 chr6:8,290,089..8,292,826 VIT_06s0004g07500 VaWRKY33[57] VvWRKY17 GSVIVT01000752001 chr7:381,054..383,675 VIT_07s0141g00680 VvWRKY18 GSVIVT01028129001 chr7:4,044,185..4,045,807 VIT_07s0005g01520 VvWRKY19 GSVIVT01028147001 chr7:4,200,461..4,202,183 VIT_07s0005g01710 VvWRKY20 GSVIVT01028244001 chr7:4,899,940..4,903,113 VIT_07s0005g02570 VvWRKY21 GSVIVT01022067001 chr7:16,322,554..16,324,062 VIT_07s0031g00080 VvWRKY22 GSVIVT01022245001 chr7:17,794,621..17,797,164 VIT_07s0031g01710 VvWRKY23 GSVIVT01022259001 chr7:17,958,339..17,960,800 VIT_07s0031g01840 VvWRKY13[28,33,52,53] VvWRKY24 GSVIVT01030258001 chr8:9,796,097..9,798,804 VIT_08s0058g00690 VvWRKY33[29], VvWRKY24[49] VvWRKY25 GSVIVT01030174001 chr8:10,843,800..10,846,082 VIT_08s0058g01390 VpWRKY1[16] VvWRKY26 GSVIVT01025562001 chr8:14,033,449..14,039,296 VIT_08s0040g03070 VvWRKY26[34] VvWRKY27 GSVIVT01034148001 chr8:14,828,036..14,830,056 VIT_08s0007g00570 VvWRKY28 GSVIVT01015952001 chr9:16,094,245..16,096,198 VIT_09s0018g00240 VaWRKY14[55], VvWRKY40[30] VvWRKY29 GSVIVT01012682001 chr10:618,665..621,093 VIT_10s0116g01200 VaWRKY12[20], VpWRKY31[45] VvWRKY30 GSVIVT01021252001 chr10:3,008,699..3,010,258 VIT_10s0003g01600 VvWRKY31 GSVIVT01021397001 chr10:4,894,494..4,896,041 VIT_10s0003g02810 VvWRKY32 GSVIVT01021765001 chr10:10,756,001..10,759,241 VIT_10s0003g05740 VvWRKY33 GSVIVT01023600001 chr11:7,838,041..7,845,641 VIT_11s0037g00150 VpWRKY2[16] VvWRKY34 GSVIVT01029265001 chr11:17,821,900..17,823,218 VIT_11s0052g00450 VvWRKY35 GSVIVT01020864001 chr12:878,978..881,517 VIT_12s0028g00270 VvWRKY36 chr12:2,348,148..2,350,455 XP_002277383.1 VvWRKY37 GSVIVT01030453001 chr12:5,678,804..5,681,082 VIT_12s0059g00880 VvWRKY38 GSVIVT01030046001 chr12:9,116,720..9,122,740 VIT_12s0057g00550 VvWRKY39 GSVIVT01029688001 chr12:13,065,135..13,067,116 VIT_12s0055g00340 VvWRKY40 GSVIVT01032662001 chr13:1,716,836..1,718,877 VIT_13s0067g03130 VvWRKY41 GSVIVT01032661001 chr13:1,719,393..1,720,803 VIT_13s0067g03140 VvWRKY42 GSVIVT01036223001 chr14:8,753,748..8,755,749 VIT_14s0081g00560 VvWRKY43 GSVIVT01033063001 chr14:25,479,103..25,481,917 VIT_14s0068g01770
VvWRKY43[49]VvWRKY44 GSVIVT01011356001 chr14:28,924,779..28,926,499 VIT_14s0108g00120 VvWRKY45 GSVIVT01011472001 chr14:29,916,401..29,920,389 VIT_14s0108g01280 VvWRKY46 GSVIVT01018300001 chr15:11,499,221..11,503,179 VIT_15s0021g01310 VvWRKY47 GSVIVT01027069001
chr15:18,191,021..18,193,470VIT_15s0046g01140 MrWRKY30[31], VlWRKY48[42], VvWRKY46[19,44] VvWRKY48 GSVIVT01026969001 chr15:18,940,954..18,942,146 VIT_15s0046g02150 VvWRKY49 GSVIVT01026965001 chr15:18,957,235..18,958,812 VIT_15s0046g02190
VvWRKY22[26]VvWRKY50 GSVIVT01028823001 chr16:18,360,079..18,360,711 VIT_16s0050g01480 VvWRKY51 GSVIVT01028718001
chr16:19,477,129..19,479,547VIT_16s0050g02510 VqWRKY52[43], VvWRKY52[44], VvWRKY30[21], VdWRKY53[56] VvWRKY52 GSVIVT01008553001 chr17:922,644..925,087 VIT_17s0000g01280 VvWRKY1[18,40] VvWRKY53 GSVIVT01008046001 chr17:6,316,168..6,320,034 VIT_17s0000g05810 VvWRKY53[49] VvWRKY54 GSVIVT01009441001 chr18:8,392,053..8,393,721 VIT_18s0001g10030 VvWRKY55 GSVIVT01037686001 chr19:6,882,399..6,884,987 VIT_19s0090g00840 VvWRKY56 GSVIVT01037775001 chr19:7,760,183..7,767,013 VIT_19s0090g01720 VvWRKY57 GSVIVT01014854001 chr19:10,665,189..10,669,055 VIT_19s0015g01870 VvWRKY58 GSVIVT01001332001 chr1_random:297,588..311,938 VIT_01s0011g00220
VvWRKY2[37,54,60]VvWRKY59 GSVIVT01007006001 chrUn:29,694,084..29,699,952 VIT_00s0463g00010 VvWRKY60 GSVIVT01001286001 chr2:4,989,461..4,989,778 VIT_02s0154g00210 VvWRKY61 GSVIVT00037762001 chr16:18360079..18360711 VIT_16s0050g01480 Table 1.
Putative grape WRKY genes identified in the grape genome.
-
Former name Gene function VlWRKY3[41] Enhanced resistance to Golovinomyces cichoracearum, but increased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis VpWRKY3[59] Enhanced tolerance to Ralstonia solanacearum in tobacco VvWRKY33[29] Enhanced resistance to Plasmopara viticola in grapevine; participate in resistance to B. cinerea in Arabidopsis VpWRKY1[16] Enhanced resistance to Erysiphe necator in Arabidopsis VvWRKY40[30] Increased susceptible to Phytophthora capsica in tobacco VpWRKY31[45] Enhanced resistance to E. necator in susceptible V. vinifera VpWRKY2[16] Enhanced resistance to E. necator in Arabidopsis MrWRKY30[31] Enhanced resistance to Hyaloperonospora parasitica in Arabidopsis VlWRKY48[42] Enhanced resistance to G. cichoracearum in Arabidopsis VlWRKY46[19] Attenuated phylloxera attack and delayed nymph development in susceptible grape cultivars VqWRKY52[43,44] Enhanced resistance to G. cichoracearum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, but increased susceptibility to B. cinerea in Arabidopsis. Enhanced resistance to B. cinerea in gene-edited grape VdWRKY53[56] Enhanced resistance to Coniella diplodiella, Pst DC3000 and G. cichoracearum in Arabidopsis VvWRKY1[18,40] Enhanced resistance to Pythium, Peronospora tabacina, and E. cichoracearum in tobacco. Enhanced resistance to P. viticola in grapevine VqWRKY53[50] Enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis Table 2.
Functional analysis of grape WRKY proteins under biotic stresses.
-
Gene name Gene function VlWRKY3[41] Enhanced tolerance to the salt and drought stress in Arabidopsis VpWRKY3[59] Enhanced tolerance to the salt stress in tobacco VvWRKY11[17] Enhanced tolerance to the osmotic stress in Arabidopsis VaWRKY33[57] Enhanced tolerance to the cold stress in Arabidopsis and grape calli VvWRKY13[52,53] Negatively regulated drought and salt stress tolerance of Arabidopsis VpWRKY1[16] Enhanced tolerance to the salt stress in Arabidopsis VaWRKY14[55] Enhanced tolerance to the drought stress in Arabidopsis VaWRKY12[20] Enhanced tolerance to the cold stress in Arabidopsis and grape calli VpWRKY2[16] Enhanced tolerance to the salt and cold stress in Arabidopsis VlWRKY48[42] Enhanced tolerance to the drought stress in Arabidopsis MrWRKY30[31] Enhanced tolerance to the cold stress in Arabidopsis, and negatively regulated salt stress tolerance of Arabidopsis VvWRKY30[21] Enhanced tolerance to the salt stress in Arabidopsis VvWRKY2[54] Enhanced tolerance to the salt stress and osmotic stress in tobacco Table 3.
Functional analysis of grape WRKY proteins under abiotic stresses.
Figures
(2)
Tables
(3)