Figures (2)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Relative genome size for each of the three observed ploidy levels, for 174 rose species, cultivars, and breeding lines, determined by flow cytometry. Boxes display the lower and upper quartiles of the population with a horizontal line within the box showing the median. Vertical lines outside the boxes extend 1.5 times the interquartile range and data points outside of this range are considered potential outliers.

    • Figure 2. 

      Ploidy determination by counting chromosomes of metaphase cells of seven rose cultivars. Chromosome images of (a) tetraploid Miracle on the Hudson® (2n = 4x = 28), (b) tetraploid Home Run™ (2n = 4x = 28), (c) tetraploid New Zealand (2n = 4x = 28), (d) tetraploid Sunshine Daydream (2n = 4x = 28), (e) triploid 'Dr. Huey' (2n = 3x = 21), (f) tetraploid Knockout® (2n = 4x = 28), and (g) diploid Malvern Hills® (2n = 2x = 14). Bars = 10 µM.

    • SpeciesSectionPloidyRelative genome size (pg)1Cx genome size (pg)Reference
      R. caninaCaninae52.84−3.070.57−0.61[1]
      R. chinensisIndicae21.270.64[1]
      R. foetidaPimpinellifoliae41.950.49[2]
      R. gallicaGallicae42.200.55[2]
      R. giganteaIndicae
      R. moschataSynstylae
      R. multifloraSynstylae21.150.58[1]
      R. phoeniceaSynstylae
      R. rugosaCinnamomeae21.140.57[1]
      R. wichurainaSynstylae21.130.57[2]
      Mean0.57 ± 0.05
      Genome size data from (1) Roberts et al.[13] and (2) Yokoya et al.[37] No published genome size data for species with blank categories.

      Table 1. 

      Previously published values for relative genome size and ploidy levels of Rosa species that contributed to modern cultivated R. hybrida.

    • Taxa/cultivarSource/accessionRelative 2C genome
      size (pg ± SEM)      		Estimated ploidy
      level (x)      		1Cx value
      (pg)
      10037N017TAMU1.62 ± 0.0530.54
      10038N001TAMU0.98 ± 0.0120.49
      16015N005TAMU2.30 ±0.0140.58
      16502N012TAMU1.87 ± 0.0640.47
      17005N171TAMU1.52 ± 0.0330.51
      17010N049TAMU1.43 ± 0.0530.48
      17020N143TAMU1.41 ± 0.0330.47
      17035N035TAMU1.55 ± 0.0230.52
      17037N063TAMU1.38 ± 0.0430.46
      170400N082TAMU1.42 ± 0.0530.47
      17300HT9R5P093TAMU0.98 ± 0.0220.49
      18032HT9R2P82TAMU2.28 ± 0.0340.57
      19006HT9R5P018TAMU1.88 ± 0.0540.47
      19006HT9R5P019TAMU1.99 ± 0.0640.50
      19007HT9R2P080TAMU2.25 ± 0.0940.56
      19007HT9R5P050TAMU2.14 ± 0.0740.54
      19007HT9R5P112TAMU2.17 ± 0.0940.54
      19012HT9R5P137TAMU1.41 ± 0.0330.47
      19025HT9R8P166TAMU1.54 ± 0.0330.51
      1907HT9R5P069TAMU2.19 ± 0.0440.55
      About Face™ 'Wekosupalz'RRG2.23 ± 0.0140.56
      Apricot Drift® 'Meimirrote'JCRA2.20 ± 0.0340.53
      Artistry™ 'Jacirst'RRG2.12 ± 0.0540.53
      At Last® 'Horcogjil'MHCREC2.40 ± 0.1040.60
      'Belinda's Dream'Biltmore Estate1.86 ± 0.0230.62
      Blushing Knock Out® 'Radyod'Biltmore Estate2.28 ± 0.0940.57
      'Blushing Queen'Biltmore Estate2.44 ± 0.0340.61
      Blush™ Veranda® 'Korfloci04'Biltmore Estate2.45 ± 0.0340.61
      Brass Band™ 'Jaccofl'RRG1.95 ± 0.00440.49
      Brigadoon™ 'Jacpal'RRG2.16 ± 0.0240.54
      Carefree Beauty™ 'Bucbi'MHCREC2.31 ± 0.0440.58
      Carefree Delight® 'Meipotal'MHCREC1.72 ± 0.0330.57
      Carefree Spirit 'Maizmea'Biltmore Estate2.42 ± 0.0840.60
      'Cecile Brunner'Biltmore Estate1.16 ± 0.2420.58
      Cherry Parfait™ 'Meisponge'RRG2.23 ± 0.0540.56
      'Chrysler Imperial'RRG2.30 ± 0.0740.58
      Cinderella™ Fairy Tale 'Korfobalt'Biltmore Estate2.42 ± 0.0640.60
      Claire Austin 'Ausprior'JCRA1.98 ± 0.0340.49
      Crimson Bouquet™ 'Korbeteilich'RRG2.18 ± 0.0540.55
      Crocus Rose 'Ausquest'JCRA1.93 ± 0.0340.48
      Crown Princess Margareta® 'Auswinter'JCRA1.90 ± 0.0340.47
      Darcey Bussell 'Ausdecorum'Biltmore Estate2.38 ± 0.0140.60
      Day Breaker™ 'Frycentury'RRG2.16 ± 0.0540.54
      Dick Clark 'Wekfunk'RRG2.19 ± 0.0540.55
      Doris Day® 'Wekmajuchi'Biltmore Estate2.35 ± 0.0840.59
      Double Delight® 'Andeli'RRG2.03 ± 0.0640.51
      Double Knock Out® 'Radtko'MHCREC2.40 ± 0.0240.60
      'Dr. Huey'MHCREC1.86 ± 0.033*0.62
      Dream Come True™ 'Wekdocpot'RRG2.13 ± 0.0240.53
      'Dublin'RRG2.06 ± 0.0340.52
      Easy Does It® 'Harpageant'RRG2.05 ± 0.0340.51
      Easy Elegance® All the Rage 'Bairage'JCRA1.93 ± 0.0140.48
      Easy Elegance® Calypso 'Baiypso'JCRA2.05 ± 0.0340.51
      Easy Elegance® Champagne Wishes 'Baicham'JCRA1.96 ± 0.0440.49
      Easy Elegance® Chi™ 'Bailim'JCRA1.61 ± 0.0630.54
      Easy Elegance® Como Park 'Baiark'JCRA2.20 ± 0.0840.55
      Easy Elegance® Head over Heels 'Baieels'JCRA1.53 ± 0.0730.51
      Easy Elegance® Kashmir 'Baimir'JCRA2.03 ± 0.0540.51
      Easy Elegance® Music Box 'Baibox'JCRA2.12 ± 0.0340.53
      Easy Elegance® My Girl 'Baigirl'JCRA1.98 ± 0.0240.50
      Easy Elegance® Mystic Fairy® 'Baifairy'JCRA1.59 ± 0.0830.53
      Easy Elegance® Paint the Town 'Baitown'JCRA1.62 ± 0.0130.54
      Easy Elegance® Screaming Neon Red™ 'Baineon'JCRA2.09 ± 0.0840.52
      Easy Elegance® Super Hero 'Baisuhe'JCRA2.22 ± 0.0440.56
      Easy Elegance® Yellow Submarine 'Baiine'JCRA2.09 ± 0.0340.52
      'Electron'RRG2.15 ± 0.0340.54
      Elle® 'Meibderos'RRG2.33 ± 0.0840.58
      Eureka™ 'Korsuflabe'RRG2.22 ± 0.0940.56
      Fame!™ 'Jaczor'RRG2.31 ± 0.0540.58
      Firefighter® 'Oradal'RRG2.10 ± 0.0340.53
      First Editions® Campfire 'Ca 29'JCRA2.11 ± 0.0740.53
      First Kiss 'Jacling'RRG2.14 ± 0.00340.54
      Francis Meilland® 'Meitroni'RRG2.26 ± 0.0340.56
      Funny Face™ 'Baiface'JCRA2.16 ± 0.0740.54
      Gemini™ 'Jacnepal'RRG1.99 ± 0.0340.50
      'Gene Boerner'RRG2.17 ± 0.0440.54
      Gold Medal® 'Aroyqueli'Biltmore Estate2.44 ± 0.0140.61
      Grand Champion™ 'Meimacota'JCRA2.11 ± 0.0740.53
      'Hansa Rugosa'Biltmore Estate1.10 ± 0.0120.55
      Home Run™ 'Wekcisbako'TAMU2.21 ± 0.084*0.55
      Honey Dijon™ 'Weksproulses'RRG2.22 ± 0.00440.55
      Honey Perfume™ 'Jacarque'RRG2.10 ± 0.0840.53
      Hot Cocoa™ 'Wekpaltlez'RRG2.20 ± 0.0140.55
      J06-20-14-03TAMU0.96 ± 0.0220.48
      Julia Child™ 'Wekvossutono'RRG2.12 ± 0.0240.53
      Knock Out® 'Radrazz'MHCREC2.23 ± 0.044*0.56
      'Kortersen'JCRA2.22 ± 0.0340.55
      Lavener Veranda® 'Korfloci67'Biltmore Estate2.47 ± 0.0140.62
      Lemon Fizz® 'Korfizzlem'TAMU2.19 ± 0.0540.55
      Lichfield Angel 'Ausrelate'JCRA2.09 ± 0.0240.52
      Limoncello™ 'Meijecycka'TAMU1.74 ± 0.0230.58
      Lion's™ Fairy Tale 'Korvanaber'Biltmore Estate2.31 ± 0.0540.58
      Look-A-Likes® Apple Dapple™ 'Meiplumty'JCRA1.60 ± 0.0330.53
      'Louis Philippe' (China, Guérin 1834)JCRA1.52 ± 0.0230.51
      Love and Peace™ 'Baipeace'RRG2.07 ± 0.0440.52
      Lucetta 'Ausemi'Biltmore Estate2.41 ± 0.0440.60
      Malvern Hills® 'Auscanary'JCRA1.04 ± 0.042*0.52
      Marmalade Skies™ 'Meimonblan'RRG2.29 ± 0.0340.57
      Mayor of Casterbridge 'Ausbrid'JCRA2.02 ± 0.0240.50
      Melody Parfumee™ 'Dorient'JCRA1.90 ± 0.0540.48
      Memorial Day™ 'Wekblunez'RRG2.27 ± 0.0740.57
      Midas Touch™ 'Jactou'RRG2.12 ± 0.0440.53
      Milestone 'Jacles'RRG2.24 ± 0.0740.56
      Miracle on the Hudson® 'LGHR1'JCRA1.98 ± 0.014*0.49
      'Mister Lincoln'RRG2.14 ± 0.0140.54
      Moondance 'Meinivoz'RRG2.09 ± 0.0440.52
      Mother of Pearl® 'Meiludere'Biltmore Estate2.43 ± 0.0240.61
      Munstead Wood 'Ausbernard'JCRA2.25 ± 0.0640.56
      'Mutabilis'MHCREC1.27 ± 0.0220.62
      Neon Lights 'Jacout'RRG2.31 ± 0.0440.58
      New Zealand 'Macgenev'RRG2.38 ± 0.064*0.60
      Olympiad™ 'Macauck'RRG2.23 ± 0.0240.56
      Opening Night™ 'Jacolber'RRG2.28 ± 0.0940.57
      Oso Easy Double Red® 'Meipeporia'MHCREC2.40 ±0.0440.60
      Oso Easy Hot Paprika® 'Farrowrsp'SMN2.13 ± 0.0540.53
      Oso Easy Italian Ice® 'Chewnicebell'MHCREC 2019-0212.32 ± 0.0140.58
      Oso Easy Lemon Zest®MHCREC2.35 ± 0.0240.59
      Oso Easy Paprika® 'Chewmaytime'JCRA2.19 ± 0.0640.55
      Oso Easy Peasy® 'Phyllis Sherman'MHCREC1.28 ± 0.00320.62
      Oso Easy® Petit Pink 'Zlemarianneyoshida'MHCREC 2019-0222.32 ± 0.0740.58
      Oso Easy® Double Pink 'Meiriftday'SMN1.63 ± 0.0630.54
      Oso Easy® Mango Salsa 'Chewperadventure'MHCREC 2019-0302.49 ± 0.0840.62
      Oso Easy® Urban Legend® 'Chewpatout'MHCREC 2019-0202.31 ± 0.0540.58
      Oso Happy® Smoothie 'Zlecharlie'TAMU0.96 ± 0.0120.48
      Pascali 'Lenip'RRG2.15 ± 0.0640.54
      Peach Drift® 'Meijocos'JCRA1.50 ± 0.0430.50
      Petite Knock Out® 'Meibenbino'JCRA2.38 ± 0.0640.59
      Pink Double Knock Out® 'Radtkopink'MHCREC2.28 ± 0.0640.57
      Pink Peace 'Meibil'RRG2.01 ±0.0940.50
      'Pink Promise'RRG2.23 ± 0.0440.56
      Pomponella™ Fairy Tale 'Korpompan'Biltmore Estate2.41 ± 0.0240.60
      'Queen Elizabeth'RRG2.15 ± 0.0540.54
      Queen of Hearts™ 'Korliolow'Biltmore Estate2.42 ± 0.00340.60
      Queen of Sweden® 'Austiger'Biltmore Estate2.50 ± 0.0240.63
      Rainbow Sorbet™ 'Baiprez'RRG2.18 ± 0.0140.55
      Reminiscent™ Coral 'Bozfra221'SMN2.29 ± 0.0740.57
      Reminiscent™ Crema 'Bozfra121'SMN2.27 ± 0.0240.57
      Reminiscent™ Pink 'Bozfra021'SMN2.23 ± 0.0440.56
      Ringo All-Star™ 'Cheweyesup'MHCREC2.34 ±0.0440.58
      Ringo® Double Pink 'Chewdelight'SMN2.17 ± 0.00340.54
      Rise Up Amberness™ 'Chewamberness'SMN2.23 ± 0.0440.56
      Rise Up Lilac Days™ 'Chewlilacdays'SMN1.53 ± 0.0230.51
      Rise Up™ Ringo® 'Chewgateway'SMN2.12 ± 0.0740.53
      Rosa ×fortunianaMHCREC1.26 ± 0.0120.61
      Royal Amethyst™ 'Devmorada'RRG2.09 ± 0.0240.53
      Saint Patrick™ 'Wekamanda'RRG2.33 ±0.0240.58
      Scentimental™ 'Wekplapep'RRG2.07 ± 0.0740.52
      Scepter'd Isle 'AuslandJCRA2.04 ± 0.0440.51
      Secret™ 'Hilaroma'RRG2.07 ± 0.0540.52
      'Setina'JCRA1.98 ± 0.0440.50
      Sexy Rexy® 'Macrexy'RRG2.09 ± 0.0640.52
      Singin' in the Rain 'Macivy'RRG2.26 ± 0.0340.56
      'Soaring to Glory'MHCREC2.45 ± 0.00340.61
      'Spice' China RoseJCRA1.10 ± 0.0120.55
      Strike it Rich™ 'Wekbepmey'RRG2.26 ± 0.0440.57
      Sunny Knock Out® 'Radsunny'TAMU1.76 ± 0.0230.59
      Sunorita® 'Chewgewest'SMN2.21 ± 0.0340.55
      Sunrosa Red™ 'Zarsbjoh'JCRA2.25 ± 0.0240.56
      Sunset Celebration™ 'Fryxotic'RRG2.14 ± 0.0440.54
      Sunshine Daydream 'Meikanaro'RRG1.91 ± 0.054*0.48
      Tahitian Sunset™ 'Jacgodde'RRG2.24 ± 0.0640.56
      Tahitian Treasure™ 'Radtreasure'JCRA2.09 ± 0.0640.52
      'Talisman'JCRA1.94 ± 0.0240.48
      The Charlatan 'Meiguimov'JCRA1.67 ± 0.0430.56
      'Tiffany'RRG2.32 ± 0.1140.58
      Top Gun™ 'Wekmoridahor'TAMU2.15 ± 0.0240.54
      Touch of Class™ 'Kricarlo'RRG2.24 ± 0.0740.56
      Twilight Zone 'Wekebtidere'Biltmore Estate2.41 ± 0.0740.60
      Voodoo 'Aromiclea'RRG2.10 ± 0.0240.52
      Whisper™ 'Dicwisp'RRG2.23 ± 0.0440.56
      White Drift® 'Meizorland'MHCREC1.83 ± 0.0130.61
      White Knock Out® 'Radwhite'JCRA1.98 ± 0.0340.50
      'White Queen'Biltmore Estate2.26 ± 0.0840.57
      Wild Blue Yonder™ 'Wekisoblip'RRG2.01 ± 0.0440.50
      Zaide™ 'Korparofe'Biltmore Estate2.40 ±0.00240.60
      MHCREC: Mountain Horticulture Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, USA. Biltmore Estate: Biltmore Estate Rose Garden, Asheville, NC, USA. JCRA: JC Raulston Arboretum, Raleigh, NC, USA. RRG: Raleigh Rose Garden, Raleigh, NC, USA. TAMU: Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. SMN: Spring Meadow Nursery, Grand Haven, MI, USA. * Indicates ploidy level was confirmed with microscopy.

      Table 2. 

      Relative genome size and estimated ploidy determined using flower cytometry and chromosome counts for rose cultivars and breeding lines.