Figures (4)  Tables (0)

    • Figure 1. 

      Effects of l-THP on the initiation of NIC-induced CPP. When l-THP was administered in combination with NIC, l-THP was administered i.p. 20 min before NIC injection. (a) Effects of different NIC doses administered in combination with or without l-THP. (b) Effects of different l-THP doses administered in combination with NIC (0.5 mg/kg). Data are presented by mean ± SEM. A significance levels of p < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.0001 are indicated on the graphs and correspond to *, **, **** respectively.

    • Figure 2. 

      Effects of l-THP on the initiation and expression of NIC-induced CPP l-THP (10 mg/kg) was administered i.p. 20 min before NIC injection. (a) Conditioning schedule for the effects of l-THP on CPP initiation. (b) Conditioning schedule for the effects of l-THP on CPP expression. (c) Bar graphs are presented by mean ± SEM. Significance level of p < 0.001 is indicated on the graph by ***.

    • Figure 3. 

      Effects of different isomers of l-THP on NIC-induced CPP l-THP was administered in combination with NIC, l-THP (10 mg/kg) 20 min before NIC injection. (a) - (c) Chemical structures of l-THP and its isomers, dl-THP and d-THP. (d) Effects of l-THP isomers on NIC CPP initiation. (e) Effects of l-THP isomers on NIC CPP expression. Sample sizes are shown in parentheses for each group shown. Data are presented by mean ± SEM. Significance level of p < 0.001 is indicated on the graphs by ***.

    • Figure 4. 

      Effects of different powder sizes of l-THP on NIC-induced CPP l-THP was administered in combination with NIC, 20 min prior to NIC injection. (a) Bar graph shows the effects of regular l-THP on NIC CPP. Inset: a photo picture of regular l-THP powder size. (b) Bar graph shows the effects of nano-metered l-THP on NIC CPP. Inset: a photo picture of nano-metered l-THP powder size. Sample sizes are shown in parentheses for each group shown. Data are presented by mean ± SEM. Significance level of p < 0.001 is indicated on the graphs by ***.