Figures (1)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Global distribution and international cooperation of orphan crops.

    • Common name Family Genus Main planting area Main uses Global production (thousand metric tons) Annual food consumption
      (thousand metric tons)
      Groundnuts Fabaceae Arachis China, India, Nigeria, USA Boiled, peanut butter, cooking oil, cosmetics ingredients, animal feed 72,695 37,550
      Beans (except soybeans) Fabaceae India, Brazil, Myanmar, Tanzania Protein source, canned, bean flour, improves soil fertility, animal feed 29,270 21,899
      Peas Fabaceae Pisum Russian Federation, Canada, China, India Fresh consumption, dried, canned, silage 15,634 6,419
      Sorghum Poaceae Sorghum Nigeria, Sudan, USA, Mexico Food, flour, brewing, animal feed, bioethanol production 60,653 38,636
      Millet Poaceae India, Niger, China, Nigeria Food, porridge, fermented foods, animal feed 33,454 23,654
      Oats Poaceae Avena Canada, Russian Federation, Australia, Poland Oatmeal, baking ingredients, silage 26,972 6,674
      Rye Poaceae Secale Germany, Poland, Russian Federation, Belarus Make bread, alcoholic drinks, animal feed 13,583 4,378
      Yams Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Benin Food, flour, traditional remedies 88,254 37,276
      Sweetpotato Convolvulaceae Ipomoea China, Malawi, Tanzania, Nigeria Food, processed into chips or starch, bioethanol production, animal feed 132,100 75,923
      Cassava Euphorbiaceae Manihot Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Thailand, Ghana Food, tapioca, ethanol production, alcoholic beverages 331,381 182,954
      Note: Data obtained from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 2022.

      Table 1. 

      Overview of the production and food uses of orphan crops[1].

    • Species Common name Cultivar Genome size Chromosome number Ploidy Genome data link Completion time
      Cajanus cajan Pigeonpea 606 Mb 11 Diploid https://data.legumeinfo.org/Cajanus/ 2011[91]
      Setaria italica Foxtail millet Yugu1 400 Mb 9 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_000263155.2/ 2012[92]
      Manihot esculenta Cassava AM560-2 533 Mb 18 Diploid 2012[93]
      Cicer arietinum Chickpea CDC Frontier 738 Mb 8 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_000331145.1/ 2013[94]
      Eragrostis tef Teff DZ-Cr-37 672 Mb 20 Allotetraploid http://www.tef-research.org/genome.html 2014[95]
      Manihot esculenta Cassava W14 742 Mb 18 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_000737105.1/ 2014[96]
      Manihot esculenta Cassava KU50 495 Mb 18 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_000737115.1/ 2014[96]
      Medicago truncatula 385 Mb 8 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_000219495.2/ 2014[97]
      Glycine soja Wild soybean ZYD04569 813 Mb 2014[98]
      Glycine soja Wild soybean PI507600 895 Mb 2014[98]
      Glycine soja Wild soybean PI407222 841 Mb 2014[98]
      Glycine soja Wild soybean ZYD03247 985 Mb 2014[98]
      Glycine soja Wild soybean ZYD02878 920 Mb 2014[98]
      Glycine soja Wild soybean ZYD00401 886 Mb 2014[98]
      Glycine soja Wild soybean PI578344B 878 Mb 2014[98]
      Phaseolus vulgaris Common bean G19833 473 Mb 11 Diploid https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/Pvulgaris_v2_1 2014[99]
      Cicer arietinum Chickpea ICC 4958 511 Mb 8 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_000347275.4/ 2015[100]
      Vigna angularis Adzuki bean Gyeongwon 443 Mb 11 Diploid https://www.legumeinfo.org/download/vigna/ 2015[101]
      Arachis duranensis V14167 1.21 Gb 10 Diploid https://www.peanutbase.org/download/ 2016[102]
      Arachis ipaensis K30076 1.51 Gb 10 Diploid https://www.peanutbase.org/download/ 2016[102]
      Phaseolus vulgaris Common bean BAT 93 550 Mb 11 Diploid https://denovo.cnag.cat/index.php/bean 2016[103]
      Chenopodium quinoa Quinoa 1.09 Gb 18 Allotetraploid https://quinoa.kazusa.or.jp/ 2016[104]
      Eleusine coracana Finger millet ML-365 11.96 Gb 18 Allotetraploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_002180455.1/ 2017[105]
      Ipomoea batatas Sweetpotato Taizhong6 870 Mb 15 Hexaploid http://public-genomes-ngs.molgen.mpg.de/sweetpotato/ 2017[106]
      Fagopyrum tataricum Tartary buckwheat 489 Mb 8 Diploid https://www.mbkbase.org/Pinku1/ 2017[107]
      Dioscorea rotundata Guinea yam TDr96_F1 594 Mb 21 Diploid https://genome-e.ibrc.or.jp/resource/yam 2017[108]
      Chenopodium quinoa Quinoa PI 614886 1.33 Gb 18 Allotetraploid https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/Cquinoa_v1_0 2017[109]
      Eleusine coracana Finger millet PR202 11.89 Gb 18 Allotetraploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_021604985.1/ 2018[110]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum Tx430 661 Mb 10 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_003482435.1/ 2018[111]
      Vigna subterranea Bambara groundnut 535 Mb 11 Diploid https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/orcae/aocc/ 2019[3]
      Moringa oleifera Moringa 217 Mb Diploid https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/orcae/aocc/ 2019[3]
      Lablab purpureus Dolichos bean 395 Mb Diploid https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/orcae/aocc/ 2019[3]
      Faidherbia albida Apple-ring acacia 654 Mb Diploid https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/orcae/aocc/ 2019[3]
      Sclerocarya birrea Marula 331 Mb Diploid https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/orcae/aocc/ 2019[3]
      Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn millet 855 Mb 18 Allotetraploid https://genomevolution.org/coge/GenomeInfo.pl?gid=52484 2019[112]
      Artocarpus heterophyllus Jackfruit ICRAFF 11314 982 Mb 2019[86]
      Artocarpus altilis Breadfruit ICRAFF 11315 833 Mb 2019[86]
      Arachis hypogaea Peanut Tifrunner 2.54 Gb 20 Allotetraploid https://www.peanutbase.org/ 2019[113]
      Arachis hypogaea Peanut Shitouqi 2.54 Gb 20 Allotetraploid http://peanutgr.fafu.edu.cn/Download.php 2019[114]
      Glycine soja Wild soybean W05 1.01 Gb 20 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_004193775.2/ 2019[115]
      Pisum sativum Pea Caméor 3.92 Gb 7 Diploid https://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/Species/Pisum 2019[116]
      Vigna sesquipedialis Asparagus bean 633 Mb 11 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8131823 2019[117]
      Vigna unguiculata Cowpea IT97K-499-35 519 Mb 11 Diploid https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/Vunguiculata_v1_2 2019[118]
      Setaria viridis Green foxtail A10.1 395 Mb 9 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_005286985.2/ 2020[66]
      Eragrostis tef Teff Dabbi 578 Mb 20 Allotetraploid https://genomevolution.org/coge/GenomeInfo.pl?gid=50954 2020[119]
      Digitaria exilis White fonio CM05836 716 Mb 18 Allotetraploid https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2v6wwpzj0 2020[120]
      Colocasia esculenta Taro Longxiangyu 2.41 Gb 14 Diploid 2020[121]
      Coix aquatica Daheishan 1.62 Mb 10 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_009725075.1/ 2020[122]
      Coix lacryma-jobi Soft-shelled adlay ma-yuen 1.28 Gb 10 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_009758035.1/ 2020[123]
      Coix lacryma-jobi Job's tears/Adlay Beijing 1.73 Gb 10 Diploid https://genomevolution.org/coge/SearchResults.pl?s=54738&p=genome 2020[124]
      Medicago sativa Alfalfa XinJiangDaYe 2.74 Gb 16 Autotetraploid https://figshare.com/projects/whole_genome_sequencing_and_assembly_of_Medicago_sativa/66380 2020[125]
      Medicago sativa Alfalfa Zhongmu No.1 816 Mb 16 Autotetraploid https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Medicago_sativa_genome_and_annotation_files/12623960 2020[76]
      Medicago caerulea Alfalfa PI464715 793 Mb 8 Diploid 2020[126]
      Dioscorea dumetorum Trifoliate yam 485 Mb Diploid 2020[127]
      Vigna mungo Black gram CN80 499 Mb 11 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_013427195.1/ 2021[128]
      Digitaria exilis White fonio 761 Mb 18 Allotetraploid https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/orcae/aocc/ 2021[129]
      Manihot esculenta Cassava SC205 710 Mb 18 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_013618965.1/ 2021[130]
      Ipomoea aquatica Water spinach HNUWS001 550 Mb 15 Diploid 2021[131]
      Medicago truncatula R108 399 Mb 8 Diploid 2021[132]
      Secale cereale Rye Weining 7.74 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_016097815.1/ 2021[133]
      Secale cereale Rye Lo7 6.74 Gb 7 Diploid https://doi.org/10.5447/ipk/2020/29 2021[134]
      Avena strigosa Black oat S75 3.53 Gb 7 Diploid https://figshare.com/s/a2f71d7644c5aa5b09ff 2021[135]
      Lens culinaris Lentil CDC Redberry 3.69 Gb 7 Diploid https://knowpulse.usask.ca/genome-assembly/Lcu.2RBY/ 2021[136]
      Phaseolus lunatus Lima bean G27455 542 Mb 11 Diploid https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/Plunatus_V1 2021[137]
      Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary bean Frijol Bayo 513 Mb 11 Diploid https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/Pacutifolius_v1_0 2021[138]
      Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary bean W6 15578 662 Mb 11 Diploid https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/PacutifoliusWLD_v2_0 2021[138]
      Vigna mungo Black gram PC-31 475 Mb 11 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_019096145.1/ 2021[139]
      Sorghum propinquum S369-1 549 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum verticilliflorum PI536008 672 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum verticilliflorum 353 737 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum verticilliflorum AusTRCF317961 643 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum drummondii PI532566 643 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum IS929 579 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum IS3614-3 631 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum IS19953 600 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum IS8525 569 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum PI525695 468 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum IS12661 622 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum R931945-2-2 599 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum Ji2731 704 Mb 10 Diploid 2021[81]
      Arachis hypogaea Peanut Bailey II 2.56 Gb 20 Allotetraploid https://www.peanutbase.org/download/ 2022[140]
      Dioscorea alata Greater yam TDa95/00328 480 Mb 20 Diploid https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/Dalata_v2_1 2022[87]
      Trapa natans Water caltrop 1.06 Gb 48 Allotetraploid 2022[141]
      Vicia sativa Common vetch 1.65 Gb 6 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_021764765.1/ 2022[142]
      Artocarpus heterophyllus Jackfruit BARI Kanthal-3 818 Mb 28 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_020010975.1/ 2022[143]
      Artocarpus heterophyllus Jackfruit S10 986 Mb 28 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_025403435.1/ 2022[144]
      Fagopyrum esculentum Buckwheat 1.08 Gb 8 Diploid https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/The_chromosome-scale_genome_assembly_for_Golden_buckwheat_/19711891 2022[145]
      Trifolium pratense Red clover 423 Mb 7 Diploid 2022[146]
      Medicago sativa Alfalfa Zhongmu No.4 2.74 Gb 16 Autotetraploid https://figshare.com/s/fb4ba8e0b871007a9e6c 2022[28]
      Avena nuda Naked oat Sanfensan 10.76 Gb 21 Allohexaploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_023646675.1/ 2022[147]
      Dioscorea zingiberensis Yams 629 Mb 10 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_026586065.1/ 2022[148]
      Pisum sativum Pea ZW6 3.72 Gb 7 Diploid https://zenodo.org/records/6622409 2022[82]
      Pisum sativum Pea 7 Diploid https://zenodo.org/records/6622578 2022[82]
      Vigna umbellata Rice bean 415 Mb 11 Diploid 2022[149]
      Vigna sesquipedialis Asparagus bean Ningjiang 3 550 Mb 11 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_026781165.1/ 2022[150]
      Vigna sesquipedialis Asparagus bean Dubai bean 564 Mb 11 Diploid 2022[150]
      Amaranthus tricolor 520 Mb 17 Diploid http://ftp.agis.org.cn:8888/~fanwei/Amaranthus_tricolor/ 2023[151]
      Gynandropsis gynandra GYN 740 Mb 17 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21383754 2023[152]
      Setaria italica Foxtail millet Me34V 399 Mb 9 Diploid https://zenodo.org/records/7367881 2023[20]
      Setaria italica Foxtail millet Ci846 412 Mb 9 Diploid https://zenodo.org/records/7367881 2023[20]
      Setaria italica Foxtail millet Yugu18 409 Mb 9 Diploid https://zenodo.org/records/7367881 2023[20]
      Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn millet 18 Allotetraploid https://zenodo.org/records/6627574 2023[153]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet PI537069 1.9 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_020739565.1/ 2023[80]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet Tifleaf 3 2.0 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_020739585.1/ 2023[80]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet PI526529 2.0 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_020739535.1/ 2023[80]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet PI583800 1.9 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_020739575.1/ 2023[80]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet PI521612 1.9 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_020739525.1/ 2023[80]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet PI587025 1.9 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_021560375.1/ 2023[80]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet 2.0 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_027789755.1/ 2023[80]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet PI343841 2.0 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_027745475.1/ 2023[80]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet 1.9 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_027745265.1/ 2023[80]
      Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet 1.9 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_027789915.1/ 2023[80]
      Eleusine coracana Finger millet KNE 796 11.12 Gb 18 Allotetraploid https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/Ecoracana_v1_1 2023[154]
      Amaranthus hypochondriacus Amaranth 404 Mb 16 Diploid http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in:8080/AmaranthGRD/ 2023[155]
      Amaranthus cruentus Amaranth 365 Mb 17 Diploid http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in:8080/AmaranthGRD/ 2023[155]
      Amaranthus tuberculatus 689 Mb 16 Diploid http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in:8080/AmaranthGRD/ 2023[155]
      Amaranthus hybridus 412 Mb 16 Diploid http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in:8080/AmaranthGRD/ 2023[155]
      Amaranthus palmeri 412 Mb 16 Diploid http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in:8080/AmaranthGRD/ 2023[155]
      Vicia faba Faba bean Tiffany 11.4 Gb 6 Diploid http://www.fabagenome.dk/ 2023[156]
      Vicia faba Faba bean Hedin/2 11.9 Gb 6 Diploid http://www.fabagenome.dk/ 2023[156]
      Trifolium repens White clover 968 Mb 8 Diploid 2023[157]
      Lathyrus sativus Grasspea Pusa-24 3.80 Gb https://lathyrusgenome.nabi.res.in/index.html 2023[158]
      Lathyrus sativus Grasspea LS007 6.24 Gb https://zenodo.org/records/7390878 2023[159]
      Canna indica 821 Mb 9 Diploid 2023[160]
      Trapa natans Water caltrop Nahuling 477 Mb 24 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_035582545.1/ 2023[161]
      Trapa incisa Water caltrop Heilongjiang River 471 Mb 24 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_035582445.1/ 2023[161]
      Trapa bicornis Water caltrop Honghu 480 Mb 24 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_030064425.1/ 2023[162]
      Trapa incisa Water caltrop Honghu 464 Mb 24 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_030064435.1/ 2023[162]
      Salvia hispanica Chia 352 Mb 6 Diploid https://www.depts.ttu.edu/igcast/Staff/Data_availability.php 2023[163]
      Salvia miltiorrhiza Chinese sage 531 Mb 8 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_028751815.1/ 2023[164]
      Panicum sumatrense Little millet OLM 20 2024[165]
      Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Guar/Cluster bean 482 Mb 7 Diploid 2024[166]
      Medicago truncatula SA27063 481 Mb 8 Diploid https://data.legumeinfo.org/Medicago/ 2024[167]
      Avena sativa Common oat Marvellous 10.89 Gb 21 Hexaploid 2024[168]
      Solanum americanum American black nightshade WZ-2023 1.04 Gb 12 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_035772555.1/ 2024[71]
      Canavalia gladiata Sword bean 619 Mb 11 Diploid http://gigadb.org/dataset/102542 2024[169]
      Phaseolus coccineus Scarlet runner bean 593 Mb 11 Diploid http://gigadb.org/dataset/102545 2024[169]
      Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Winged bean 713 Mb 9 Diploid http://gigadb.org/dataset/102546 2024[169]
      Lathyrus sativus Grasspea LS007 5.96 Gb 7 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_963859935.3/ 2024[170]
      Phaseolus vulgaris Common bean JaloEPP558 576 Mb 11 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_040616365.1/ 2024[171]
      Phaseolus vulgaris Common bean Midas 509 Mb 11 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_040616355.1/ 2024[171]
      Vigna radiata Mung bean KUML4 468 Mb 11 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27094231.v1 2024[172]
      Vigna angularis Adzuki bean LongXiaoDou No.4 448 Mb 11 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCF_016808095.1/ 2024[173]
      Adansonia grandidieri Baobab trees 736 Mb 44 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25422502.v2 2024[174]
      Adansonia madagascariensis Baobab trees 651 Mb 44 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25422502.v2 2024[174]
      Adansonia rubrostipa Baobab trees 625 Mb 44 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25422502.v2 2024[174]
      Adansonia suarezensis Baobab trees 707 Mb 44 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25422502.v2 2024[174]
      Adansonia gregorii Baobab trees 669 Mb 44 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25422502.v2 2024[174]
      Adansonia za Baobab trees 616 Mb 44 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25422502.v2 2024[174]
      Adansonia perrieri Baobab trees 695 Mb 42 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25422502.v2 2024[174]
      Adansonia digitata Baobab trees 668 Mb 42 Autotetraploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25422502.v2 2024[174]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum BTx623 720 Mb 10 Diploid https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Sorghum_genome/25764612 2024[175]
      Sorghum bicolor Sorghum Ji2055 723 Mb 10 Diploid https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Sorghum_genome/25764612 2024[175]
      Salvia divinorum Diviner's sage SAF-2024a 541 Mb 11 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_041381175.1/ 2024[176]
      Salvia officinalis Common sage 432 Mb 7 Diploid https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24100032 2024[177]
      Salvia rosmarinus Rosemary 1.20 Gb 12 Diploid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_036937905.1/ 2024[178]
      Avena sativa Common oat Marvellous 10.99 Gb 21 Hexaploid http://www.oatomics.com/home 2025[179]
      Solanum aethiopicum African eggplant PI 424860 1.10 Gb 12 Diploid https://www.solpangenomics.com/dist/index.php 2025[72]
      Solanum macrocarpon Gboma eggplant PI 441914 1.26 Gb 12 Diploid https://www.solpangenomics.com/dist/index.php 2025[72]
      Solanum americanum American black nightshade SP2273 1.16 Gb 12 Diploid https://www.solpangenomics.com/dist/index.php 2025[72]
      Solanum quitoense Naranjilla PI 489701 2.46 Gb 12 Diploid https://www.solpangenomics.com/dist/index.php 2025[72]
      Solanum muricatum Pepino Baker Creek 1.12 Gb 12 Diploid https://www.solpangenomics.com/dist/index.php 2025[72]
      Solanum muricatum Pepino Baker Creek 1.13 Gb 12 Diploid https://www.solpangenomics.com/dist/index.php 2025[72]
      Phaseolus vulgaris Red kidney bean PJY4 561 Mb 11 Diploid https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gwh/Assembly/88072/show 2025[180]
      Vigna radiata Mung bean IPU-02-03 596 Mb 11 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25043495 2025[181]
      Salvia sclarea Clary sage 499 Mb 11 Diploid https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27002593.v1 2025[182]
      Phaseolus coccineus Runner bean 643 Mb 11 Diploid https://phytozome-next.jgi.doe.gov/info/Pcoccineus_v1_1

      Table 2. 

      Progress in orphan crop genome research.