Figures (19)  Tables (4)

    • Figure 1. 

      Experimental scene: (a) real view, (b) schematic diagram.

    • Figure 2. 

      Experimental equipment: (a) lighted guidance signs, (b) 50% opacity glasses.

    • Figure 3. 

      Multi-exit simulation scenario.

    • Figure 4. 

      Box diagram of average pedestrian speed, ☆ represents the average value, the upper part of the whisker line represents an abnormal value.

    • Figure 5. 

      Scenario 1 simulation results.

    • Figure 6. 

      Number of pedestrians ((a) 60, (b) 80, (c) 100) evacuated with varying numbers of pedestrians at two exits under Scenario 1.

    • Figure 7. 

      Screenshot of pedestrian dynamic evacuation with varying numbers of pedestrians ((a, b) 60; (c, d) 80; (e, f) 100) at four time nodes.

    • Figure 8. 

      Picture of the experimental site in motion (with 80 pedestrians, 5 and 15 s screenshots), the critical wall regions, exits, and non-evacuated personnel are indicated by solid blue lines, solid green lines, and red dots, respectively.

    • Figure 9. 

      Scenario 2 experimental and simulation results.

    • Figure 10. 

      Number of pedestrians evacuated with varying numbers of insensitive pedestrians ((a) 10, (b) 20, (c) 30, (d) 40) at two exits under Scenario 2.

    • Figure 11. 

      Relative pedestrian density with varying numbers of insensitive pedestrians ((a) 10, (b) 20, (c) 30, (d) 40) at two exits under Scenario 2.

    • Figure 12. 

      The trajectory map of the exit re-selection for sensitive pedestrians under varying numbers of insensitive pedestrians ((a) 20, (b) 40) at two exits under Scenario 2.

    • Figure 13. 

      Simulation diagram of pedestrian dynamic distribution at different time points, with sensitive and insensitive pedestrians are represented in black and red, respectively.

    • Figure 14. 

      Limit distance test with 50% opacity glasses: (a) hallway, (b) parking.

    • Figure 15. 

      Scenario 3 experimental and simulation results.

    • Figure 16. 

      Number of pedestrians evacuated with varying numbers of insensitive pedestrians ((a) 10, (b) 20, (c) 30, (d) 40) at two exits under Scenario 3.

    • Figure 17. 

      Relative pedestrian density with varying numbers of insensitive pedestrians ((a) 10, (b) 20, (c) 30, (d) 40) at two exits under Scenario 3.

    • Figure 18. 

      The trajectory map of the exit re-selection for sensitive pedestrians under varying numbers of insensitive pedestrians ((a) 20 , (b) 40) at two exits under Scenario 3.

    • Figure 19. 

      Simulation diagram of pedestrian dynamic distribution at different time points, with sensitive and insensitive pedestrians are represented in black and red, respectively.

    • Number of pedestrians Exit width
      60 a: 1 m, b: 1 m
      60 a: 1.5 m, b: 1 m
      80 a: 1 m, b: 1 m
      80 a: 1.5 m, b: 1 m
      100 a: 1 m, b: 1 m
      100 a: 1.5 m, b: 1 m

      Table 1. 

      Scenario 1 experimental conditions.

    • Number of sensitive pedestrians Number of insensitive pedestrians Exit width
      70 10 a: 1 m, b: 1 m
      70 10 a: 1.5 m, b: 1 m
      60 20 a: 1 m, b: 1 m
      60 20 a: 1.5 m, b: 1 m
      50 30 a: 1 m, b: 1 m
      50 30 a: 1.5 m, b: 1 m
      40 40 a: 1 m, b: 1 m
      40 40 a: 1.5 m, b: 1 m

      Table 2. 

      Scenario 2/3 experimental conditions.

    • λ denmax ks kw kde kα kβ kγ
      1 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1

      Table 3. 

      Parameters' value of multi-exit selection model.

    • Meaning
      A Average speed of pedestrians without lighted guidance signs
      B Average speed of sensitive pedestrians under lighted guidance signs
      C Average speed of insensitive pedestrians under lighted guidance signs
      D Average speed of sensitive pedestrians under lighted guidance signs in the low view
      E Average speed of insensitive pedestrians under lighted guidance signs in the low view

      Table 4. 

      Definition of ABCDE in Fig. 4.