Figures (4)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Biological activities of corosolic acid and strategies for enhancing the potential efficacy.

    • Figure 2. 

      Proposed mechanisms of corosolic acid in diabetes inhibition. IRS-1: Insulin Receptor Substrate-1; NRPTPs: Non-Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases.

    • Figure 3. 

      Structural formula of corosolic acid and some chemical derivatives.

    • Figure 4. 

      Structural formula of some biotransformation products of corosolic acid.

    • Cancer Proposed inhibitory mechanisms Ref.
      Lung cancer Inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, promoting ferroptosis [16,44]
      Liver cancer Promoting ferroptosis, downregulating the VEGFR2/Src/FAK/cdc42 axis, suppressing the CDK19/YAP/o-GlcNAcylation pathway, activating the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway [19,45,46]
      Gastric cancer Modulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, influencing AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, inhibiting HER2 gene expression [18,47,48]
      Colon cancer Promoting N-terminal phosphorylation of β-catenin, reducing COX-2 expression, activating caspase-3 [49−51]
      Pancreatic cancer Promoting ferroptosis, inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway [2,52]
      Kidney cancer Reducing MMP2 expression and stimulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation, stimulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation [20,42]
      Breast cancer Reducing the phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins and activating apoptosis-related caspases [53]
      Bladder cancer Inhibit DNA synthesis, downregulating cell cycle regulators, triggering autophagy-related pathways [54]
      Ovarian cancer Inhibiting macrophage-epithelial interactions [55]
      Oral cancer Inhibits the expression of MMP1 [56]
      Bone cancer Disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential, increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, releasing cytochrome c, activating
      caspases-8, -9, and -3      		 [57]

      Table 1. 

      Proposed inhibitory mechanisms of corosolic acid against different types of cancer.