Figures (0)  Tables (4)
    • Treatment (°C) Media ratioz (v/v) Emergence rate (d) Height
      (cm)      		 Width
      (cm)      		 Greenness (unitless) Number of leaves Shoot dry
      wt (g)      		 Root dry
      wt (g)      		 Root-to-shoot ratio
      Control Soilless media 9.2cdey 27.2a 27.5a 43.6abc 9.6a 3.1a 0.4a 0.1b
      ERC bark 15 ERC bark : 85 soilless media 9.1def 25.7abc 25.0h 43.8abc 7.8ab 2.3fg 0.4abc 0.2b
      ERC bark 30 ERC bark : 70 soilless media 9.7bc 25.1bc 26.0e−h 43.5bc 7.0bc 1.8i 0.4a−d 0.2abc
      ERC bark 45 ERC bark : 55 soilless media 9.7bcd 17.2d 23.3i 43.0c 5.6cd 1.2j 0.3d-g 0.3ab
      ERC bark 60 ERC bark : 40 soilless media 11.1a 9.6e 20.5j 41.5d 4.6d 0.7k 0.3h 0.4a
      300−350 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 8.4g 26.0abc 26.7b−e 44.5abc 7.7abc 2.7bcd 0.4ab 0.1b
      300−350 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 9.0efg 25.3bc 25.7e−h 44.8ab 7.6abc 2.4efg 0.3e−h 0.1b
      300−350 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 10.0b 25.5abc 27.3abc 44.6ab 7.4bc 2.2fg 0.3b-f 0.1b
      300−350 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 9.7bc 24.5c 25.4fgh 44.9ab 7.0bc 1.9i 0.3fgh 0.2b
      400−450 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 8.6fg 26.4ab 27.2abc 44.8ab 8.0ab 2.9b 0.4a 0.1b
      400−450 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 9.1def 24.8bc 25.7e−h 44.7ab 7.6abc 2.5def 0.3d−g 0.1b
      400−450 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 9.9b 25.5abc 27.0a−d 44.4abc 7.6abc 2.1gh 0.3c−g 0.1b
      400−450 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 9.8b 24.4c 25.5fgh 44.5ab 7.0bc 1.7i 0.3fgh 0.2b
      500−550 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 8.6fg 26.4ab 27.5ab 44.7ab 7.8ab 2.8bc 0.4a−d 0.1c
      500−550 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 9.1ef 25.1bc 26.1d−g 44.2abc 7.5abc 2.6cde 0.4a−e 0.2bc
      500−550 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 9.9b 25.3bc 26.4c−f 45.0a 7.6abc 2.2gh 0.3gh 0.1c
      500−550 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 9.7b 24.8bc 25.4gh 44.1abc 7.5abc 1.9hi 0.3h 0.2bc
      Significance < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001
      zERC bark and biochar were from Eastern red cedar and biochar was made using the double barrel pyrolysis system; Soilless media (BM7 45% bark, Berger, Saint-Modeste, Canada). yMeans (Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference) (n = 4) within a column followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05).

      Table 1. 

      Effect of 17 different potting mix ratios on growth and plant quality of tomato 'Early girl F1' seedlings grown in a greenhouse during spring 2023 in Stillwater, OK, USA.

    • Treatment (°C) Media ratioz (v/v) pH NH4
      (mg·L−1)      		 P
      (mg·L−1)      		 K
      (mg·L−1)      		 Ca
      (mg·L−1)      		 Mg
      (mg·L−1)      		 B
      (mg·L−1)      		 S
      (mg·L−1)
      Control Soilless media 7.3dy 1.5ab 26.8a 18.5b 37.0bc 30.5abc 0.3a 404.7ab
      ERC bark 15 ERC bark : 85 soilless media 7.4cd 1.2ab 22.5ab 12.0b 38.3bc 28.3bcd 0.3ab 275.0abc
      ERC bark 30 ERC bark : 70 soilless media 7.4bcd 1.1ab 14.8ab 24.3b 46.9b 28.6bcd 0.2b−g 239.1abc
      ERC bark 45 ERC bark : 55 soilless media 7.6a−d 1.4ab 17.4ab 92.5ab 78.2a 44.3a 0.1c−g 300.6abc
      ERC bark 60 ERC bark : 40 soilless media 7.8abc 2.1a 11.0b 119.3a 81.4a 36.6ab 0.1efg 188.9bc
      300−350 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 7.7abc 1.8ab 20.8ab 15.0b 40.6bc 26.8b−e 0.3ab 367.3abc
      300−350 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 7.7a−d 0.9ab 16.2ab 16.0b 34.6bc 22.7b−e 0.2a−d 334.5abc
      300−350 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 7.9a 0.8ab 13.4ab 24.0b 31.1bc 18.7cde 0.2bcd 304.2abc
      300−350 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 7.9ab 0.6ab 10.4b 19.8b 31.3bc 18.1cde 0.2bcd 231.9abc
      400−450 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 7.7a−d 1.1ab 21.6ab 13.0b 30.8bc 20.5cde 0.2abc 301.6abc
      400−450 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 7.7a−d 0.7ab 17.7ab 20.0b 29.2bc 19.7cde 0.2b−e 273.9abc
      400−450 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 8.0a 0.9ab 12.4ab 19.5b 24.7bc 16.7cde 0.2b−g 283.2abc
      400−450 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 7.9a 0.5ab 10.6b 44.0ab 21.2bc 15.1de 0.1d−g 163.5c
      500−550 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 7.8ab 2.1a 19.2ab 14.2b 32.9bc 23.1b−e 0.2b−f 431.6a
      500−550 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 7.9a 1.1ab 14.6ab 12.5b 24.5bc 15.9cde 0.1d−g 310.7abc
      500−550 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 7.9ab 1.0ab 10.1b 22.8b 19.7bc 14.0de 0.1fg 291.0abc
      500−550 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 8.0a 0.6ab 12.8ab 27.8b 17.1c 12.3e 0.1g 243.6abc
      Significance
      		< 0.001 0.03 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.02
      zERC bark and biochar were from Eastern red cedar and biochar was made using the double barrel pyrolysis system; Soilless media (BM7 45% bark, Berger, Saint-Modeste, Canada). yMeans (Tukey's Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference) (n = 4) within a column followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05).

      Table 2. 

      Effect of 17 different potting mix ratios on tomato 'Early girl F1' substrate nutrients grown in a greenhouse during spring 2023 in Stillwater, OK, USA.

    • Treatment (°C) Media ratioz (v/v) Emergence
      rate (d)      		 Height (cm) Width
      (cm)      		 Greenness (unitless) Number of leaves Shoot dry
      wt (g)      		 Root dry
      wt (g)      		 Root-to-shoot ratio
      Control Soilless media 8.0dy 28.9cd 20.1c−f 44.3ab 8.7a 2.4a 0.3fg 0.1d
      ERC bark 15 ERC bark : 85 soilless media 8.0d 29.0cd 19.7d−g 42.4a−d 7.9bc 2.3ab 0.3c 0.1cd
      ERC bark 30 ERC bark : 70 soilless media 8.8b 28.2cd 18.2h 40.5de 7.6cd 2.0c−f 0.4a 0.2bc
      ERC bark 45 ERC bark : 55 soilless media 8.7bc 28.1d 14.9i 39.4e 7.0d 1.8fg 0.3ab 0.2b
      ERC bark 60 ERC bark : 40 soilless media 10.0a 26.5e 15.2i 37.3f 6.4e 1.5h 0.3cd 0.2a
      300−350 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 7.5d 29.9abc 20.2cde 42.8abc 8.3ab 2.1b−e 0.3c 0.1cd
      300−350 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 8.1cd 30.9ab 21.8a 43.5abc 7.8bc 2.1b−e 0.3def 0.1cd
      300−350 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 9.0b 29.8abc 20.1c−f 43.0abc 7.6cd 1.9c−f 0.3def 0.2cd
      300−350 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 8.7bc 30.3abc 18.8gh 44.4a 7.5cd 1.6gh 0.3cd 0.2b
      400−450 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 7.6d 30.1abc 21.2abc 41.9cd 8.3ab 2.3ab 0.3b 0.1cd
      400−450 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 8.1cd 31.0ab 20.7bcd 42.9abc 7.9bc 2.1b−e 0.3efg 0.1cd
      400−450 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 8.9b 29.8bc 20.9abc 43.1abc 7.4cd 1.9d−g 0.2g 0.1cd
      400−450 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 8.8b 29.7abc 19.1e−h 43.7abc 7.4cd 2.0fg 0.3fg 0.2cd
      500−550 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 7.6d 30.9ab 21.4ab 42.5a−d 8.3ab 2.2abc 0.3ab 0.1cd
      500−550 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 8.0d 31.2a 20.8abc 42.3bcd 7.9bc 2.1bcd 0.3cde 0.1cd
      500−550 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 8.8b 29.3abc 19.1e−g 43.5abc 7.9bc 2.2abc 0.3fg 0.1cd
      500−550 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 8.7b 29.6bc 18.9fgh 42.1cd 7.4cd 1.9efg 0.3fg 0.2cd
      Significance < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001
      zERC bark and biochar were from Eastern red cedar and biochar was made using the double barrel pyrolysis system; Soilless media (BM7 45% bark, Berger, Saint-Modeste, Canada). yMeans (Tukey's Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference) (n = 4) within a column followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05).

      Table 3. 

      Effect of 17 different potting mix ratios on growth and plant quality of cucumber 'Diva' seedling grown in a greenhouse during spring 2023 in Stillwater, OK, USA.

    • Treatment (°C) Media ratioz (v/v) pH NH4 (mg·L−1) K (mg·L−1) Ca (mg·L−1)
      Control Soilless media 7.1ey 4.2b 49.5abc 28.6bc
      ERC bark 15 ERC bark : 85 soilless media 7.4de 26.5ab 42.0bc 31.9abc
      ERC bark 30 ERC bark : 70 soilless media 7.4cde 51.7ab 37.0c 39.2abc
      ERC bark 45 ERC bark : 55 soilless media 7.4b−e 120.8ab 48.5abc 49.3ab
      ERC bark 60 ERC bark : 40 soilless media 7.7a−d 155.4a 58.5abc 59.8a
      300-350 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 7.6a−d 2.3ab 48.0abc 32.0abc
      300−350 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 7.6a−d 35.5ab 51.0abc 35.5abc
      300−350 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 7.7a−d 1.0b 63.2abc 32.5abc
      300−350 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 7.8a 0.8b 94.5abc 41.6abc
      400−450 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 7.4cde 1.5b 44.5bc 27.6bc
      400−450 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 7.7a−d 1.6b 56.5abc 27.6bc
      400−450 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 7.8a 0.9b 106.0a 34.6abc
      400−450 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 7.9a 0.4b 102.3ab 22.7bc
      500−550 15 biochar : 85 soilless media 7.7a−d 24.3ab 44.5bc 25.0bc
      500−550 30 biochar : 70 soilless media 7.8ab 1.3b 46.5abc 21.6bc
      500−550 45 biochar : 55 soilless media 7.8abc 0.5b 60.5abc 22.1bc
      500−550 60 biochar : 40 soilless media 8.0a 0.5b 64.7abc 18.4c
      Significance
      		< 0.001 0.04 0.001 < 0.001
      zERC bark and biochar were from Eastern red cedar and biochar was made using the double barrel pyrolysis system; Soilless media (BM7 45% bark, Berger, Saint-Modeste, Canada). yMeans (Tukey's Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference) (n = 4) within a column followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different (p ≤ 0.05).

      Table 4. 

      Effect of 17 different potting mix ratios on cucumber 'Diva' substrate nutrients grown in a greenhouse during spring 2023 in Stillwater, OK, USA.