Figures (2)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      (a) Yield-RSER-RLER correlograms of hetero-grafted and self-grafted tomato plants (cv. Izmir F1), under non-saline conditions. RSER (relative stem elongation rate), RLER (relative new leaf emerging rate). (b) Yield-RSER-RLER correlograms of hetero-grafted and self-grafted tomato plants (cv. Izmir F1), under saline conditions. RSER (relative stem elongation rate), RLER (relative new leaf emerging rate).

    • Figure 2. 

      The heatmap of growth, yield, and fruit quality traits of self-grafted (Izmir/Izmir) and heterografted tomato variants (Arnold/Izmir, Dohkko/Izmir, Emperador/Izmir, He-man/Izmir, Kaiser/Izmir, Suzuka/Izmir) under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (50 mM NaCl) conditions. Rows are centered; unit variance scaling is applied to rows. PH Plant height, LN leaf number, IL internode length, RSER relative stem elongation rate, RLER relative new leaf emerging rate, DMroot dry matter weight of roots, DMshoot dry matter of shoots, DMroot : DMshoot the ratio of root dry matter with shoot dry matter. Both rows and columns are clustered using correlation distance and average linkage. Fourteen rows, 13 columns.

    • Factors PH (cm) LN IL (cm) RSER (cm·cm−1·d−1) RLER (leaf·leaf−1·d−1)
      Salinity (S) 0 mM 103.1 ± 1.31A 25.6 ± 0.58A 4.08 ± 0.11A 0.039 ± 0.00A 0.029 ± 0.00A
      50 mM 89.8 ± 0.91B 23.7 ± 0.52B 3.84 ± 0.09B 0.036 ± 0.00B 0.027 ± 0.00B
      Graft combination (Rst/Sc) Arnold/Izmir 95.6 ± 2.78AB 20.8 ± 0.68C 4.63 ± 0.19A 0.040 ± 0.00A 0.023 ± 0.00B
      Dohkko/Izmir 92.1 ± 2.94B 22.6 ± 0.58BC 4.09 ± 0.14AB 0.037 ± 0.00AB 0.026 ± 0.00B
      Emperador/Izmir 95.2 ± 2.23AB 23.0 ± 1.04BC 4.20 ± 0.18AB 0.038 ± 0.00AB 0.026 ± 0.00B
      He-man/Izmir 92.5 ± 2.55B 25.1 ± 0.78B 3.72 ± 0.18B 0.038 ± 0.00AB 0.029 ± 0.00AB
      Kaiser/Izmir 102.4 ± 2.67A 27.6 ± 0.77A 3.71 ± 0.06B 0.039 ± 0.00A 0.031 ± 0.00A
      Suzuka/Izmir 98.9 ± 3.05A 27.8 ± 0.57A 3.56 ± 0.12B 0.039 ± 0.00A 0.031 ± 0.00A
      Izmir/Izmir 98.6 ± 3.74A 26.2 ± 0.81AB 3.79 ± 0.18B 0.035 ± 0.00B 0.029 ± 0.00AB
      Graft combination
      performance under
      different salinity
      conditions (Rst/Sc × S)      		 Non-saline
      Arnold/Izmir 103.0 ± 2.66ab 21.2 ± 1.24b 4.92 ± 0.32a 0.041 ± 0.000a 0.024 ± 0.001b
      Dohkko/Izmir 99.0 ± 3.01b 23.2 ± 0.97ab 4.28 ± 0.15a 0.039 ± 0.001a 0.027 ± 0.000ab
      Emperador/Izmir 100.0 ± 2.70ab 25.0 ± 1.22a 4.04 ± 0.25a 0.038 ± 0.001a 0.028 ± 0.000ab
      He-man/Izmir 95.6 ± 4.41b 26.0 ± 0.89a 3.71 ± 0.28b 0.039 ± 0.001a 0.029 ± 0.000ab
      Kaiser/Izmir 108.2 ± 3.39a 29.4 ± 0.74a 3.68 ± 0.08b 0.040 ± 0.000a 0.033 ± 0.001a
      Suzuka/Izmir 107.8 ± 1.39a 28.4 ± 0.81a 3.81 ± 0.15b 0.040 ± 0.000a 0.032 ± 0.001a
      Izmir/Izmir 108.2 ± 2.37a 26.6 ± 1.36a 4.10 ± 0.21a 0.039 ± 0.000a 0.029 ± 0.000ab
      Saline
      Arnold/Izmir 88.2 ± 0.66b 20.4 ± 0.6b 4.34 ± 0.14a 0.039 ± 0.000a 0.023 ± 0.001b
      Dohkko/Izmir 85.2 ± 2.47b 22.0 ± 0.6b 3.89 ± 0.21ab 0.035 ± 0.001ab 0.025 ± 0.001b
      Emperador/Izmir 90.4 ± 1.91b 21.0 ± 1.1b 4.36 ± 0.27a 0.037 ± 0.001a 0.024 ± 0.000b
      He-man/Izmir 89.4 ± 2.24b 24.2 ± 1.2ab 3.74 ± 0.25ab 0.037 ± 0.000a 0.029 ± 0.001ab
      Kaiser/Izmir 96.6 ± 1.96b 25.8 ± 0.7a 3.75 ± 0.08ab 0.038 ± 0.000a 0.029 ± 0.001ab
      Suzuka/Izmir 90.0 ± 0.70b 27.2 ± 0.8a 3.32 ± 0.12b 0.038 ± 0.000a 0.031 ± 0.001a
      Izmir/Izmir 89.0 ± 3.36b 25.8 ± 1.0a 3.48 ± 0.23ab 0.032 ± 0.000b 0.029 ± 0.001ab
      Significance
      Rst/Sc 0.002 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
      Salinity (S) < 0.001 < 0.001 0.040 < 0.001 0.004
      Rst/Sc × S 0.175 0.501 0.187 0.129 0.271
      * Salinity (0, 50 mM), Graft combinations (Arnold/Izmir, Dohkko/Izmir, Emperador/Izmir, He-man/Izmir, Kaiser/Izmir, Suzuka/Izmir, Izmir/Izmir). PH Plant height, LN leaf number, IL internode length, RSER relative stem elongation rate, RLER relative new leaf emerging rate. Different letters (capital letters for main factors, small letters for Rst/Sc × S interactions) indicate significant differences within parameters (Holm-Sidak test, p < 0.05; mean ± SE); significant p-values of a two-way ANOVA are indicated in bold.

      Table 1. 

      Plant growth parameters*.

    • Factors Dry matter (g)
      DMroot DMshoot DMroot : DMshoot
      Salinity (S) 0 mM 5.80 ± 0.28A 30.21 ± 0.59A 0.19 ± 0.00
      50 mM 4.36 ± 0.17B 24.23 ± 0.44B 0.18 ± 0.00
      Graft combinations (Rst/Sc) Arnold/Izmir 4.35 ± 0.26B 25.02 ± 1.49B 0.17 ± 0.00B
      Dohkko/Izmir 4.35 ± 0.14B 26.62 ± 1.58B 0.16 ± 0.00B
      Emperador/Izmir 4.17 ± 0.34B 30.41 ± 1.82A 0.14 ± 0.01B
      He-man/Izmir 4.85 ± 0.35AB 26.22 ± 1.43B 0.18 ± 0.00AB
      Kaiser/Izmir 5.42 ± 0.45AB 26.72 ± 1.12B 0.20 ± 0.00AB
      Suzuka/Izmir 6.62 ± 0.64A 29.67 ± 1.32A 0.22 ± 0.01A
      Izmir/Izmir 5.82 ± 0.54AB 26.12 ± 1.49B 0.22 ± 0.01A
      Graft combination performance under different salinity conditions (Rst/Sc × S) Non-saline
      Arnold/Izmir 4.90 ± 0.17bc 28.15 ± 1.06b 0.17 ± 0.01b
      Dohkko/Izmir 4.40 ± 0.23c 29.65 ± 1.47b 0.15 ± 0.01b
      Emperador/Izmir 4.90 ± 0.11bc 34.45 ± 0.43a 0.14 ± 0.00b
      He-man/Izmir 5.50 ± 0.23bc 29.30 ± 0.86b 0.18 ± 0.00b
      Kaiser/Izmir 6.15 ± 0.60b 29.10 ± 0.57b 0.21 ± 0.01a
      Suzuka/Izmir 7.80 ± 0.63a 32.50 ± 0.86ab 0.19 ± 0.01a
      Izmir/Izmir 7.00 ± 0.28ab 28.45 ± 1.70b 0.24 ± 0.00a
      Saline
      Arnold/Izmir 3.80 ± 0.11c 21.90 ± 0.57c 0.17 ± 0.00b
      Dohkko/Izmir 4.30 ± 0.23c 23.60 ± 1.09bc 0.18 ± 0.01b
      Emperador/Izmir 3.45 ± 0.20c 26.35 ± 0.37b 0.13 ± 0.00c
      He-man/Izmir 4.20 ± 0.40c 23.15 ± 0.14bc 0.18 ± 0.01b
      Kaiser/Izmir 4.70 ± 0.34bc 24.35 ± 0.54b 0.23 ± 0.00 a
      Suzuka/Izmir 5.40 ± 0.54b 26.85 ± 0.20b 0.20 ± 0.02ab
      Izmir/Izmir 4.65 ± 0.20bc 23.80 ± 1.67bc 0.19 ± 0.00b
      Significance
      Rst/Sc < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
      Salinity (S) < 0.001 < 0.001 0.067
      Rst/Sc × S 0.053 0.643 0.062
      * Salinity (0, 50 mM), Graft combinations (Arnold/Izmir, Dohkko/Izmir, Emperador/Izmir, He-man/Izmir, Kaiser/Izmir, Suzuka/Izmir, Izmir/Izmir). DMroot dry matter weight of roots, DMshoot dry matter of shoots, DMroot : DMshoot the ratio of root dry matter with shoot dry matter. Different letters (capital letters for main factors, small letters for Rst/Sc × S interactions) indicate significant differences within parameters (Holm-Sidak test, p <0.05; mean ± SE); significant p-values of a two-way ANOVA are indicated in bold.

      Table 2. 

      Plant dry matter parameters*.

    • Factors Rs/Sc combination Ca K Mg Na P
      Salinity (S) 0 mM 29.25 ± 0.77 23.57 ± 0.38A 8.93 ± 0.31B 1,189 ± 33B 4,602 ± 287A
      50 mM 29.31 ± 0.77 21.35 ± 0.38B 9.73 ± 0.39A 4,011 ± 47A 4,560 ± 244B
      Graft combinations (Rst/Sc) Izmir/Izmir 29.25 ± 0.35B 22.07 ± 1.11B 10.12 ± 0.32A 2,598 ± 762 5,201 ± 139A
      Dohkko/Izmir 27.24 ± 0.24C 22.17 ± 0.16B 8.28 ± 0.17B 2,560 ± 835 4,708 ± 126B
      Suzuka/Izmir 31.33 ± 0.24A 23.14 ± 0.69A 9.58 ± 0.21A 2,643 ± 848 3,833 ± 22C
      Graft combination performance under different salinity conditions (Rst/Sc × S) Non-saline
      Izmir/Izmir 28.721 ± 0.07b 23.953 ± 0.48a 9.572 ± 0.02b 1,279 ± 37b 5,429 ± 8.35a
      Dohkko/Izmir 27.505 ± 0.48c 22.438 ± 0.09b 7.982 ± 0.03d 1,114 ± 29b 4,507 ± 91.0c
      Suzuka/Izmir 31.544 ± 0.52a 24.329 ± 0.01a 9.238 ± 0.08bc 1,174 ± 11b 3,869 ± 20.5d
      Saline
      Izmir/Izmir 29.791 ± 0.39b 20.186 ± 0.26c 10.678 ± 0.19a 3,917 ± 60.9a 4,974 ± 118.1b
      Dohkko/Izmir 26.992 ± 0.03c 21.910 ± 0.12b 8.590 ± 0.01c 4,006 ± 97.1a 4,909 ± 84.4b
      Suzuka/Izmir 31.122 ± 0.01a 21.959 ± 0.28b 9.936 ± 0.03b 4,112 ± 42.2a 3,798 ± 3.26d
      Significance
      Rst/Sc < 0.001 0.011 < 0.001 0.366 < 0.001
      Salinity (S) 0.875 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.05
      Rst/Sc × S 0.098 0.002 0.065 0.063 0.003
      * Salinity (0, 50 mM), Graft combinations (Arnold/Izmir, Dohkko/Izmir, Emperador/Izmir, He-man/Izmir, Kaiser/Izmir, Suzuka/Izmir, Izmir/Izmir). Different letters (capital letters for main factors, small letters for Rst/Sc × S interactions) indicate significant differences within parameters (Holm-Sidak test, p <0.05; mean ± SE); significant p-values of a two-way ANOVA are indicated in bold.

      Table 3. 

      Plant macronutrient (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, and S) concentration*.

    • Factors Total yield (kg·plant−1) Fruit number Average fruit weight (g) Brix Acidity
      Salinity (S) 0 mM 3.75 ± 0.06A 35.02 ± 0.66 108.06 ± 2.35 5.38 ± 0.07B 0.91 ± 0.02B
      50 mM 1.51 ± 0.03B 32.31 ± 0.59 47.07 ± 1.08 9.28 ± 0.11A 1.67 ± 0.04A
      Graft combinations (Rst/Sc) Arnold/Izmir 2.37 ± 0.37 32.0 ± 1.06 71.86 ± 9.46B 7.33 ± 0.74 1.34 ± 0.16A
      Dohkko/Izmir 2.50 ± 0.40 34.2 ± 1.41 70.82 ± 9.66B 7.53 ± 0.84 1.43 ± 0.17A
      Emperador/Izmir 2.64 ± 0.42 34.1 ± 1.33 77.26 ± 11.96AB 7.01 ± 0.72 1.30 ± 0.14AB
      He-man/Izmir 2.70 ± 0.36 34.6 ± 1.20 82.31 ± 10.36AB 7.12 ± 0.66 1.35 ± 0.18A
      Kaiser/Izmir 2.66 ± 0.34 34.1 ± 1.03 78.76 ± 10.56AB 7.60 ± 0.83 1.29 ± 0.17AB
      Suzuka/Izmir 2.66 ± 0.36 35.2 ± 1.63 75.05 ± 9.11AB 7.72 ± 0.74 1.27 ± 0.13AB
      Izmir/Izmir 2.88 ± 0.41 33.5 ± 1.05 86.91 ± 12.72A 7.03 ± 0.69 1.04 ± 0.09B
      Graft combination performance under different salinity conditions (Rst/Sc × S) Non-saline
      Arnold/Izmir 3.46 ± 0.18b 34.60 ± 0.81a 99.89 ± 3.16b 5.375 ± 0.19b 0.915 ± 0.04c
      Dohkko/Izmir 3.71 ± 0.09ab 37.40 ± 1.03a 99.37 ± 2.85b 5.375 ± 0.14b 1.008 ± 0.12c
      Emperador/Izmir 3.91 ± 0.12ab 35.00 ± 2.21a 112.7 ± 3.52ab 5.125 ± 0.22b 0.938 ± 0.07c
      He-man/Izmir 3.68 ± 0.31ab 34.00 ± 2.16a 109.3 ± 10.4ab 5.375 ± 0.08b 0.920 ± 0.09c
      Kaiser/Izmir 3.67 ± 0.12ab 33.80 ± 1.28a 109.4 ± 5.34ab 5.450 ± 0.27b 0.843 ± 0.03c
      Suzuka/Izmir 3.72 ± 0.19ab 37.20 ± 2.65a 101.12 ± 4.97b 5.800 ± 0.22b 0.94 ± 0.05bc
      Izmir/Izmir 4.11 ± 0.08a 33.20 ± 1.59a 124.59 ± 3.85a 5.225 ± 0.16b 0.818 ± 0.09c
      Saline
      Arnold/Izmir 1.28 ± 0.04c 29.40 ± 1.03b 43.82 ± 0.63c 9.300 ± 0.08a 1.773 ± 0.06a
      Dohkko/Izmir 1.29 ± 0.02c 31.00 ± 1.67b 42.27 ± 2.13c 9.700 ± 0.39a 1.867 ± 0.10a
      Emperador/Izmir 1.38 ± 0.06c 33.20 ± 1.65a 41.77 ± 1.58c 8.900 ± 0.23a 1.670 ± 0.06a
      He-man/Izmir 1.71 ± 0.07c 31.20 ± 0.91b 55.31 ± 3.12c 8.875 ± 0.11a 1.788 ± 0.15a
      Kaiser/Izmir 1.64 ± 0.03c 34.40 ± 1.77a 48.12 ± 2.03c 9.750 ± 0.31a 1.738 ± 0.07a
      Suzuka/Izmir 1.60 ± 0.03c 33.20 ± 1.74a 48.98 ± 3.04c 9.650 ± 0.31a 1.615 ± 0.08a
      Izmir/Izmir 1.65 ± 0.05c 33.80 ± 1.56a 49.23 ± 1.98c 8.850 ± 0.20a 1.277 ± 0.04b
      Significance
      Rst/Sc 0.983 0.544 0.003 0.989 0.003
      Salinity (S) < 0.001 0.003 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
      Rst/Sc × S 0.204 0.257 0.050 0.474 0.158
      *Salinity (0, 50 mM), Graft combinations (Arnold/Izmir, Dohkko/Izmir, Emperador/Izmir, He-man/Izmir, Kaiser/Izmir, Suzuka/Izmir, Izmir/Izmir). Different letters (capital letters for main factors, small letters for Rst/Sc × S interactions) indicate significant differences within parameters (Holm-Sidak test, p < 0.05; mean ± SE); significant p-values of a two-way ANOVA are indicated in bold.

      Table 4. 

      Yield (harvested yield, kg·var−1; fruit number; average fruit weight, g), and fruit quality (Brix; acidity) parameters*.

    • Traits PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 PC8 PC9
      DMroot 1.93 0.06 0.02 0.05 −0.02 0.04 0.03 0 0
      DMshoot −0.7 −0.17 0.04 −0.19 −0.08 0 0 0 0
      DMroot : DMshoot 2.51 0.08 −0.03 0.02 0 0.01 −0.01 0 0
      PH −8.97 −1.26 −0.08 0.07 −0.02 0.01 0 0 0
      LN −0.43 −0.33 0.23 0.08 0 −0.01 −0.01 0 0
      IL 2.05 0.01 −0.08 0 0 −0.01 0 0.01 0
      RSER 2.52 0.08 −0.03 0.02 0 0.01 −0.01 0 0
      RLER 2.53 0.08 −0.03 0.02 0 0.01 −0.01 0 0
      Total yield 2.24 0.16 −0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 −0.01 0 0
      Fruit number −1.51 −0.5 0.03 −0.12 0.1 0.01 0.01 0 0
      Avg. fruit weight −6.15 2.11 0 0.01 0.01 −0.01 0 0 0
      Brix 1.6 −0.31 −0.01 0.03 0 −0.06 0.02 0 0
      Acidity 2.36 0.01 −0.04 0.02 0 −0.01 0 −0.01 −0.01
      * The self-grafted (Izmir/Izmir) and heterografted (Arnold/Izmir, Dohkko/Izmir, Emperador/Izmir, He-man/Izmir, Kaiser/Izmir, Suzuka/Izmir) tomato variants under non-saline (0 mM NaCl) and saline (50 mM NaCl) conditions.

      Table 5. 

      The principal components scores of growth, yield, and fruit quality traits*.