Figures (4)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Characteristics of plant morphology and rhizome traits of Atractylodes lancea. (a) Plant morphology of wild A. lancea. (b) Rhizome traits. (c) Cross-section of rhizome. (d) Cinnabar-like oil glands in A. lancea rhizome.

    • Figure 2. 

      The microevolutionary processes of the quality formation of Dao-di Atractylodes lancea.

    • Figure 3. 

      The main volatile oil components of Atractylodis rhizoma.

    • Figure 4. 

      Biosynthetic pathways of sesquiterpenoids in A. lancea.

    • Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Dao-di producing areas
      of A. lancea      		 Non-Dao-di producing areas
      of A. lancea
      Morphological characteristics Excellent traits Spot of oil cavity Much Less
      Moniliform Moniliform, mostly long cylindrical Mostly nodular or mass-like in shape
      Quality Chemical type Atractylone : atractylodin : hinesol :
      β-eudesmol      		 0.70–2.00 : 1 : 0.04–0.35 : 0.09–0.40 0–7 : 1 : 9–147 : 6–100
      Climate Temperature Annual average temperature 15–15.4 °C 8.8–15.4 °C
      The average lowest temperature
      of the coldest month      		 –2 to 1 °C –15 to 1 °C
      The average highest temperature
      of the hottest month      		 32 °C 27–32 °C
      Extreme minimum temperature –17.5 to –15.5 °C –25 to –13 °C
      Precipitation Annual average precipitation 1,000–1,160 mm 530–1,740 mm
      Soil Inorganic elements Potassium (K) element 146.0 mg/kg 279.5 mg/kg
      Soil microorganism Fungi Predominant bacteria: Fusarium, Ankylobacter, and Penicillium genera Predominant bacteria: Trichoderma, Fusarium, Aspergillus, and unclassified Ascomycota fungi
      Bacterium Predominant bacteria: Gallales and Burkholderia genera Predominant bacteria: Bacillus and Burkholderia genera

      Table 1. 

      Chemical and biogeographic fingerprints of Dao-di herbs and the habitats of Atractylodes lancea.