Figures (2)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Mechanisms of micro/nanoplastics uptake in plant roots: crack-entry, apoplastic and symplastic pathways.

    • Figure 2. 

      Mechanisms of AMF-mediated regulation of MPs uptake in plant roots.

    • Additives Plants Effects Ref.
      Phthalate esters Dibutyl phthalate(DBP); bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale); wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); lettuce (Lactuca sativa); cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Oxidative stress; photosynthesis inhibition; growth suppression [97–100]
      Antioxidants 2, 4-dimethyl-6-s-hexadecylphenol (Irganox 1076); tris (2, 4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphate (Irgafos 168-ox); Erucamide Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Photosynthesis inhibition; growth suppression [93]
      UV stabilizers UV328; UV-P; UV327 Rice (Oryza sativa); thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) Oxidative stress; photosynthesis inhibition; metabolic perturbation; growth suppression [108,109]
      Flame retardants Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) Corn (Zea mays); onion (Allium cepa); ryegrass (Lolium perenne); cucumber (Cucumis sativa); soybean (Glycine max); tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Growth suppression [110]
      \ Bisphenol A (BPA) Garden cress (Lepidium sativum); tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum); lettuce (Lactuca sativa); soybean (Glycine max); maize (Zea mays); rice (Oryza sativa) Oxidative stress; photosynthesis inhibition; growth suppression [105,111]
      Heavy metals in MNPs Zinc (Zn); cadmium (Cd); copper (Cu); chromium (Cr) etc. Radish (Raphanus sativus); garden cress (Lepidium sativum) Oxidative stress; growth suppression etc. [112–114]
      BPA is an important raw material for synthetic resin and polycarbonate. Residual BPA monomers can leach into the environment due to incomplete polymerization, exhibiting additives-like behavior. Therefore, this review does not classify BPA within a specific additive category.

      Table 1. 

      Effects of additives on terrestrial plants