Figures (3)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      Schematic of pest physical prevention and control.

    • Figure 2. 

      Schematic of pest control using ecological regulation.

    • Figure 3. 

      Schematic of pest control using technology-driven modern pest control.

    • Name Order Family Main affected crops Mode of damage Field pesticides Ref.
      Thrips Thysanoptera Thripidae Cowpeas, watermelon, cantaloupe, eggplant, cucumber The direct feeding of these pests on flowers, buds, and other tender tissues cause damage to growth points. Thrips also transmit various viruses. Affected plant tissues develop galls, influencing normal development and potentially leading to plant death. λ-Cyhalothrin, acetamiprid, spinetoram, abamectin [1−4]
      Leafminer fly Diptera Agromyzidae Cowpeas, watermelon, cucumber, tomato Larvae burrow inside leaves to feed and lay eggs. This behavior not only affects leaf photosynthesis, it can also lead to leaf wilting and dropping, severely affecting plant growth and yield. Thiamethoxam, cyantraniliprole, abamectin, λ-cyhalothrin [5−8]
      Aphids Hemiptera Aphididae Chili, cabbage, radish, eggplant Nymphs and adults damage tender leaves and flower buds, causing leaf curling and stunting new growth. In severe cases, such damage can lead to leaf and fruit drop. The honeydew secreted by aphids can result in sooty mold, contaminating fruit surfaces and reducing fruit quality, leading to economic losses. Aphids also transmit various viruses, such as cucumber mosaic virus and pepper mottle virus. λ-Cyhalothrin, abamectin, thiamethoxam, pyriproxyfen
      		 [9−12]
      Whitefly Hemiptera Aleyrodidae Cucumber, cantaloupe, eggplant, chili Aleyrodidae feed by piercing and sucking plant sap, causing leaf yellowing and wilting and promoting infection by pathogens. They are also vectors for various viruses, particularly cucumber mosaic virus. Dinotefuran, abamectin, pyriproxyfen,
      λ-cyhalothrin      		 [13−16]
      Diamondback moth Lepidoptera Plutellidae Cabbage, radish, bok choy, lettuce Larvae feed on leaves, with younger larvae chewing leaf tissue and leaving the epidermis intact, creating transparent spots. Older larvae can create holes or notches in leaves, and in severe cases, only the leaf veins remain, resulting in a net-like appearance. Chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, spinetoram [17−19]

      Table 1. 

      Main pests of Hainan's melon and vegetable industry and their modes of damage.

    • Name Categorization Main pest control Precautions for use
      Beauveria bassiana Fungi Thrips, aphids, whiteflies, cotton bollworms, diamondback moth, fall armyworm, etc. Needs to be used at humidity > 80%, avoid mixing with fungicides.
      Metarhizium anisopliae Thrips, diamondback moth, fall armyworm, etc. Need to work with slow-release dosage forms during rainy season to avoid rain washout.
      Paecilomyces lilacinus Thrips, aphids, whiteflies, root-knot nematodes, etc. It needs to be used in conjunction with organic fertilizers to improve soil bacterial holding capacity.
      Trichoderma species Root-knot nematodes, etc. Avoid mixing with copper preparations, storage should be protected from light and dry.
      Bacillus thuringiensis Bacteria Whiteflies, diamondback moth, etc. Compound with amino-oligosaccharides to increase effectiveness and avoid strong alkaline environments.
      Bacillus subtilis Fall armyworm, whiteflies, diamondback moth, etc. The virulence decreases at high temperatures (> 35 °C), and temperature-resistant strains need to be selected.

      Table 2. 

      Correspondence table between the resources of biocontrol strains of common pests of melon and vegetable and pest control in Hainan Province.

    • Pest name Groups Name of natural enemies
      Thrips Predatory natural enemy Orius sauteri[59], Orius laevigatus[60], Orius majusculus[60], Neoseiulus barkeri[61], Orius insidiosus[62], Amblyseius swirskii[62], Steinernema feltiae[62], Neoseiulus cucumeris[63], Franklinothrips vespiformis[64], Scolothrips sexmaculatus[65], Orius niger[66], Orius minutus[66], Orius strigicolli[66], Orius albipennis[66], Scolothrips longicornis[66], Neoseiulus californicus[66], Typhlodromus bagdasarjani[66], Chrysopa sinica[67], Chrysoperla nipponensis[67], Mallada signata[67]
      Parasitic natural enemy Ceranisus menes[68], Ceranisus americensis[69], Megaphragma sp.[70], Trichogramma pretiosum[71], Ceranisus incerta[67], Ceranisus lepidotus[67], Podibius indicus[67]
      Leafminer fly Predatory natural enemy Dolichopus sp.[72], Coenosia attenuata[73], Coenosia humilis[73], Condylostylus similis[73], Drapetis sp.[73]
      Parasitic natural enemy Opius chromatomyiae[73], Opius scabriventris[73], Halticoptera arduine[73], Halticoptera helioponi[73], Gronotoma micromorpha[73], Dacnusa sibirica[74], Hemiptarsenus varicornis[75], Chrysocharis flacilla[76], Diglyphus isaea[77], Neochrysocharis formosa[77], Phaedrotoma scabriventri[78], Cirrospilus acadius[72], C. bievicorpus[72], Aprostocetus sp.[72], Opius dissitus[78], Diglyphus wani[79], Opius biroi[80]
      Aphids Predatory natural enemy Orius sauteri[81], Eupeodes corollae[82], Micromus angulatus[83], Chrysoperla carnea[84], Hippodamia convergens[84], Adalia bipunctata[85], Aphidoletes aphidimyza[86], Coccinella septempunctata[87], Cycloneda sanguinea[87], Eriopis connexa[87], Harmonia axyridis[87], Allograpta exotica[87], Pseudodorus clavatus[87], Ocyptamus gastrostactus[87], Episyrphus balteatus[88], Orius majusculus[88]
      Parasitic natural enemy Aphidius matricariae[88], Aphidius colemani[89], Lysiphlebus testaceipes[89], Diaeretiella rapae[89], Aphidius platensis[90], Aphelinus asychis[91], Lysiphlebus testaceipes[92], Aphidius ervi[39], Praon barbatum[39]
      Whitefly Predatory natural enemy Orius sauteri[93], Amblyseius herbicolus[94], Neoseiulus bicaudus[95], Delphastus davidsoni[96], Chrysoperla carnea[97], Amblyseius tamatavensis[98], Delphastus catalinge[99], Misumenops celer[100], Drapetis nr divergens[100], Geocoris pallens Stäl[100], Orius tristicolor[100], Collops spp.[100], Macrolophus pygmaeus[101], Nesidiocoris tenuis[101]
      Parasitic natural enemy Encarsia sophia[102], Encarsia transvena[102], Eretmocerus mundus[102], Eretmocerus hayati[103], Eretmocerus eremicus[104], Encarsia formosa[104]
      Diamondback moth Predatory natural enemy Euborellia annulipes[17], Eocanthecona furcellata[105], Chrysopa sinica[106], Sycanus aurantiacus[107], Orius strigicollis[108], Pheidole sp.[109], Podisus nigrispinus[109], Cheiracanthium inclusum[109]
      Parasitic natural enemy Cotesia plutellae[109], Conura pseudofulvovariegata[109], Tetrastichus howardi[109], Cotesia vestalis[34], Diadegma fenestrale[110], Diadegma semiclausum[110], Diadegma insulare[111], Diadromus collaris[112], Steinernema carpocapsae[113], Heterorhabditis bacteriophora[113], Trichogramma chilonis[114], Oomyzus sokolowskii[114], Itoplectis naranyae[114], Exochus sp.[114], Brachymeria excarinata[114], Eurytoma verticillata[114], Ceraphron manilae[114], Trichomalopsis apanteloctenus[114], Trichomalopsis shirakii[114]

      Table 3. 

      List of natural enemy resources for major pests in melon and vegetables in Hainan.