Figures (7)  Tables (4)

    • Figure 1. 

      SOC trends before and after outliers are removed.

    • Figure 2. 

      An example of SOC trend under abnormal conditions.

    • Figure 3. 

      SOC decreasing trend of processed data.

    • Figure 4. 

      Scatter plot of the ECR and driving speed.

    • Figure 5. 

      Fitted curves of the model frameworks. (a) Quadratic function fitting, (b) Cubic function fitting, (c) Quartic function fitting, (d) Quintic function fitting.

    • Figure 6. 

      Flow chart for model verification.

    • Figure 7. 

      Change trends of ECR with driving speed.

    • Current (A) Voltage (V) Driving speed (km/h) SOC (%) Mileage (m)
      0 563 0 99 19560600
      0 563 0 99 19560600
      0 563 0 99 19560600
      0 563 0 99 19560600

      Table 1. 

      An example of duplicate data.

    • Current (A) Voltage (V) Driving speed (km/h) SOC Mileage (m)
      NAN NAN NAN NAN NAN
      0 562.60 0 99 19560500
      5.20 560.90 1.20 99 19560500
      NAN NAN NAN NAN NAN

      Table 2. 

      An example of missing data.

    • Model framework Quintic coefficient Quartic coefficient Cubic coefficient Quadratic coefficient Linear coefficient Constant term
      Quadratic 0.0005 −0.0672 2.7038
      Cubic −0.000013 0.0025 −0.1505 3.5024
      Quartic 0.0000004 −0.00009 0.0071 −0.2765 5.0188
      Quintic 0 0.000004 −0.0004 0.0202 −0.5375 7.0127

      Table 3. 

      Parameter values of each model framework.

    • Model framework RMSE R2 $ \overline {RMSE} $
      Quadratic function 0.0818 0.9144 0.0856
      Cubic function 0.0767 0.9247 0.0823
      Quartic function 0.0762 0.9258 0.0629
      Quintic function 0.0760 0.9261 0.0831

      Table 4. 

      Metric values for the evaluation of the model frameworks.