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    • Figure 1. 

      Abiotic stress signaling associated with abscisic acid, jasmonate, and salicylic acid signaling and metabolism. Simplified signaling pathways from phytohormone perception to transcriptional regulation of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonate, and salicylic acid (SA) in response to drought, heat, or warm temperature, cold, and touching stresses. Key signaling components are illustrated using different shapes, as indicated. Arrows represent activation, T-shaped lines indicate inhibition, and dashed lines denote proposed or indirect pathways. 12HSO4-JA, 12-hydroxy jasmonoyl sulfate; BZR1, BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1; CAMTA, calmodulin-binding transcription activator; EIN3, ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE 3; FER, FERONIA; GA, gibberellin; GA2ox, GA 2-oxidase; HAG1, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE OF THE GNAT FAMILY 1; ICE1, INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1; JA, jasmonic acid; JA-Ile, jasmonoyl-isoleucine; JAM2, JASMONATE-ASSOCIATED MYC2-LIKE 2; JOX, JASMONATE-INDUCED OXYGENASE; MED17, MEDIATOR SUBUNIT 17; NPR1, NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1; PP2C_A, clade A protein phosphatases of type 2C (PP2C); PP2C_E, clade E PP2C; RAF, Raf-like MAP kinase kinase kinase; RCAR, REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTOR; SAMT1, SA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1; SCRM, SCREAM; SnRK2, sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 2; ST2A, SULFOTRANSFERASE 2A; TOT3, TARGET OF TEMPERATURE 3; TPL, TOPLESS; TWA1, THERMO-WITH ABA-RESPONSE 1. Created with BioRender.com.

    • Figure 2. 

      Abiotic stress signaling associated with gibberellin, auxin, and strigolactone signaling and metabolism. Simplified signaling pathways from phytohormone perception to transcriptional regulation of gibberellin (GA), auxin (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]), and strigolactone (SL) in response to drought, osmotic, high-salinity, heat or warm temperature, and cold stresses. Key signaling components are illustrated using different shapes, as indicated. Arrows represent activation, T-shaped lines indicate inhibition, and dashed lines denote proposed or indirect pathways. ABA, abscisic acid; ARF, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR; ATG18a, AUTOPHAGY-RELATED GENE 18a; COP1, CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1; D14, DWARF14; DREB1, DRE-BINDING PROTEIN 1; ERF, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR; FHY3, FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 3; GA2ox, GA 2-oxidase; GA20ox, GA 20-oxidase; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; GH3, GRETCHEN HAGEN 3; GID1, GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1; IAA-AA, IAA-amino acid conjugate; LBD, LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN; MAX2, MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2; NCED, NINE-CISEPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE; PP2C_A, clade A protein phosphatases of type 2C (PP2C); RAF, Raf-like MAP kinase kinase kinase; RCAR, REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTOR; SAPK9, OSMOTIC STRESS/ABA–ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 9; SLR1, SLENDER RICE 1; SMAX1, SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1; SMB, SOMBRERO; SMXL, SMAX1-LIKE; TIR1, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1; ZAT6, ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 6 (created with BioRender.com).

    • Figure 3. 

      Abiotic stress signaling associated with cytokinin, ethylene, and brassinosteroid signaling and metabolism. Simplified signaling pathways from phytohormone perception to transcriptional regulation of cytokinin (CK), ethylene (ET), and brassinosteroid (BR) in response to drought, osmotic, high-salinity, heat or warm temperature, submergence, and soil compaction stresses. Given that the major receptor proteins for CK and ET are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (a), whilst those for BR are localized to the plasma membrane (PM) (b), the pathways are illustrated separately for clarity. Key signaling components are illustrated using different shapes, as indicated. Arrows represent activation, T-shaped lines indicate inhibition, and dashed lines denote proposed or indirect pathways. ABA, abscisic acid; AHK, ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE; AHP, ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE-CONTAINING PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN; ARRs_B, type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR; BAK1, BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1(BRI1)-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1; BIN2, BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2; BRL, BRI1-LIKE; BES1, BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1; CTR, CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE; EIN, ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE; ERF, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR; ERS, ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR; ETR, ETHYLENE RESPONSE; GA, gibberellin; GA2ox, GA 2-oxidase; HSFA, HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A; HSP, HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; MHZ3, MAO HUZI 3; MPK, MAP kinase; PP2C_A, clade A protein phosphatases of type 2C (PP2C); RCAR, REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTOR; SnRK2, sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 2 (created with BioRender.com).