Figures (1)  Tables (8)

    • Figure 1. 

      Precipitation, maximum and minimum air temperature in the 2023 and 2024 cropping seasons (garlic-soybean-garlic). Campo Alegre de Goiás-GO, Brazil. Source: iCRop weather station.

    • Treatments
      (trade name)      		 Composition Class Formulation Application method and dosage
      Messenger Bacillus subtilis Biological control agent (BCA) Wet powder (WP) In-furrow spraying + 30 d after (DAP)
      500 g·ha−1
      Abamectin Abamectin Miticide/Insecticide/Nematicide Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) In-furrow spraying + 30 d after planting (DAP) 1 L·ha−1
      Bayron Nitrogen + amino acids Organo-mineral fertilizer Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) In-furrow spraying 500 mL·ha−1
      Verango Prime Fluopyram Systemic fungicide/nematicide
      (pyridyl-ethyl-benzamides)      		 Suspension concentrate (SC) In-furrow spraying at planting 0.5 L·ha−1
      Nemat + Ecotrich +
      Pick up Moss (N+E+M)      		 P. lilacinum + T. harzianum +
      organo-mineral fertilizer
      (urea + algae extract +
      plant-based meals)      		 BCA- biological control agents Wet powder (WP) In-furrow spraying + 30 d after planting (DAP)
      250 g·ha−1 Nemat 150 g·ha−1 Ecotrich
      500 mL·ha−1 Moss
      Control − − − −

      Table 1. 

      Experimental treatment composition, class, formulation, and application method/dosage.

    • Treatment Days after planting and application Rf
      0 28 63 88 112 Mean
      Number of J2 (NJ2)
      Messenger 533.33 Aa 133.33 Ba 150.00 Ab 250.00 Ab 333.33 Aa 280.00 b 1.16 a
      Abamectin 500.00 Aa 70.00 Ba 150.00 Bb 216.67 Bb 416.67 Aa 270.67 b 0.81 a
      Bayron 516.67 Aa 125.00 Ba 83.33 Bb 250.00 Bb 433.33 Aa 281.67 b 0.64 a
      Verango 600.00 Aa 400.00 Aa 466.67 Aa 583.33 Aa 233.33 Aa 456.67 a 0.39 a
      N+ E + M 550.00 Aa 133.33 Ba 116.67 Bb 450.00 Aa 466.67 Aa 343.33 b 0.93 a
      Control 366.67 Aa 75.00 Ba 116.83 Bb 266.67 Ab 516.67 Aa 268.37 b 1.54 a
      Mean 511.11 A 156.11 C 180.58 C 336.11 B 400.00 B 316.79 0.91
      Viable cysts
      Mean 20.48 A 9.17 B 4.89 B 6.95 B 6.26 B 9.55 −
      Non-viable cysts
      Mean 13.07 A 15.40 A 21.25 A 23.62 A 20.48 A 18.76 −
      Means followed by the same capital letter in the rows and lower case letters in the column did not differ by the Scott-Knott grouping test (p < 0.05).

      Table 2. 

      Heterodera glycines race 5: number of J2 (NJ2), number of viable cysts, number of non-viable cysts, and reproduction factor (Rf) for the garlic − 2023 season.

    • Treatment ≤ 32 mm 32–39 mm 39–44 mm 44–50 mm 50–53 mm 53–57 mm Mean
      Messenger 30.30 aD 333.33 aD 2,575.76 aB 6,606.06 aA 3,424.24 aB 909.09 bC 2,313.13 a
      Abamectin 0.00 aD 848.49 aC 2,636.37 aB 7,181.82 aA 3,333.33 aB 1,515.15 bC 2,585.86 a
      Bayron 0.00 aD 878.79 aC 2,424.24 aB 6,696.97 aA 3,212.12 aB 1,545.46 bC 2,459.60 a
      Verango 0.00 aC 303.03 aC 3,393.94 aB 7,151.51 aA 3,727.27 aB 4,242.42 aB 3,136.36 a
      N + E + M 0.00 aC 333.34 aC 2,945.45 aB 9,909.09 aA 4,212.12 aB 4,575.76 aB 3,662.63 a
      Control 0.00 aD 757.58 aC 1,969.70 aB 6,606.06 aA 2,757.58 aB 969.70 bC 2,176.77 a
      Mean 5.05 E 575.76 D 2,657.58 B 7,358.59 A 3,444.44 B 2,292.93 C 2,722.39
      Means followed by the same capital letter in the rows and lower case letters in the column did not differ by the Scott-Knott grouping test (p < 0.05).

      Table 3. 

      Garlic yield (kg/ha) based on bulb diameter − 2023 season.

    • Treatment Days after planting and application Rf
      0 34 57 120 Mean
      Number of J2 (NJ2)
      Messenger 300.00 aA 0.00 aB 200.00 bA 400.00 aA 225.00 b 3.25 b
      Abamectin 166.67 aA 66.67 aA 333.33 bA 233.33 bA 200.00 b 6.19 a
      Bayron 183.33 aA 16.67 aB 183.33 bA 400.00 aA 195.83 b 11.63 a
      Verango 233.33 aB 150.00 aB 1,333.33 aA 316.67 bB 508.33 a 2.95 b
      N + E + M 200.00 aA 16.67 aB 216.67 bA 266.67 bA 175.00 b 1.65 b
      Control 300.00 aB 33.33 aC 366.67 bB 700.00 aA 350.00 a 7.05 a
      Mean 230.55 A 47.22 B 438.88 A 304.86 A 275.69 5.45
      Viable cysts −
      Mean 37.25 A 12.91 B 10.38 B 13.10 B 18.41 −
      Non-viable cysts −
      Mean 59.18 A 20.66 B 23.78 B 23.77 B 31.85 −
      Means followed by the same capital letter in the rows and lower case letters in the column did not differ by the Scott-Knott grouping test (p < 0.05).

      Table 4. 

      Heterodera glycines race 5 populations for the soybean − 2023/2024 season.

    • Treatments Days after planting and application
      34 57 120 Mean
      Number of J2 (NJ2)
      Messenger 283.33 Aa 583.33 Aa 333.33 Ac 400.00 b
      Abamectin 83.33 Aa 666.67 Aa 1,000.00 Ab 583.33 b
      Bayron 200.00 Ba 333.33 Ba 1,666.67 Aa 733.33 a
      Verango 83.33 Aa 250.00 Aa 0.00 Ac 111.11 c
      N + E + M 216.67 Aa 333.33 Aa 0.00 Bc 183.33 c
      Control 450.00 Aa 583.33 Aa 1,333.33 Aa 788.89 a
      Mean 219.44 A 458.33 A 722.22 A
      Number of females (Nf)
      Messenger 18.33 Ba 64.00 Aa 36.17 Ba 39.50 a
      Abamectin 11.54 Ba 62.83 Aa 39.67 Aa 38.01 a
      Bayron 21.50 Ba 57.83 Aa 25.33 Ba 34.89 a
      Verango 1.00 Aa 5.83 Ab 5.33 Aa 4.06 b
      N + E + M 34.83 Aa 30.84 Ab 21.74 Aa 29.14 a
      Control 37.17 Aa 51.17 Aa 26.17 Aa 38.17 a
      Mean 20.73 B 45.42 A 25.73 B
      Means followed by the same capital letter in the row and lower case letters in the column did not differ by the Scott-Knott grouping test (p < 0.05).

      Table 5. 

      Interaction between treatments and sampling periods for the number of J2/150 cm3 of soil of Heterodera glycines race 5 in the roots of soybean − 2023/2024 season.

    • Treatments NP
      (10 plants)      		 PW (g)
      (10 plants)      		 NG
      (10 plants)      		 WG
      (10 plants)
      Messenger 635.67 b 361.50 a 1,484.33 b 248.83 b
      Abamectin 578.50 b 333.17 a 1,277.33 b 255.33 b
      Bayron 694.00 b 412.33 a 1,520.17 b 304.50 a
      Verango 831.00 a 482.67 a 1,973.50 a 352.83 a
      N + E + M 637.33 b 354.00 a 1,640.50 b 269.50 b
      Control 663.50 b 349.50 a 1,580.00 b 279.00 b
      Mean 668.10 375.88 1565.74 275.38
      Means followed by the same letter in the row did not differ by the Scott-Knott grouping test (p < 0.05). NP, number of pods; PW, pods weight; NG, number of grains; WG, weight of grains.

      Table 6. 

      Soybean production components in the presence of Heterodera glycines race 5 − 2023/2024 season.

    • Treatment Days after planting and application Rf
      0 31 66 86 Mean
      Number of J2 (NJ2)
      Messenger 8.667 2.000 2.000 2.000 3.667 b 0.43 a
      Abamectin 6.000 1.333 1.000 333 2.167 c 0.12 a
      Bayron 4.333 1.333 1.000 2.667 2.333 c 0.80 a
      Verango 8.000 2.333 667 3.000 3.500 b 0.39 a
      N + E + M 5.667 2.000 1.333 1.333 2.583 c 0.37 a
      Control 15.667 4.667 2.400 3.333 6.517 a 0.21 a
      Mean 8.056 A 2.278 B 1.400 C 2.111 B 3.461 0.39
      Viable cysts −
      Mean 936 A 545 B 839 A 583 B 726 −
      Non-viable cysts −
      Mean 21.19 A 1.640 A 1.946 A 1.145 A 1.713 −
      Means followed by the same capital letter in the row and lower case letters in the column did not differ by the Scott-Knott grouping test (p < 0.05).

      Table 7. 

      Number of J2 (NJ2), number of viable and non-viable cysts of Heterodera glycines race 5, and reproduction factor (Rf) for the garlic crop − 2024 season.

    • Treatment 32–39 mm 39–44 mm 44–50 mm ≤ 32 mm Mean
      Messenger 5,003.02 aA 5,160.61 aA 1,309.85 aB 853.54 aB 3,081.76 a
      Abamectin 4,497.48 aA 5,909.10 aA 623.74 bB 787.88 aB 2,954.55 a
      Bayron 4,858.58 aA 5,679.28 aA 590.92 bB 952.02 aB 3,020.20 a
      Verango 4,005.05 aA 5,088.38 aA 1,247.48 aB 952.02 aB 2,823.23 a
      N + E + M 4,057.57 aB 5,554.55 aA 2,316.37 aC 1,063.63 aB 3,248.03 a
      Control 5,383.83 aA 5,777.77 aA 827.27 bB 1,148.99 aB 3,284.47 a
      Mean 4,634.26 A 5,528.28 A 1152.60 B 959.68 B 3,068.71
      Means followed by the same capital letter in the row and lower case letters in the column did not differ by the Scott-Knott grouping test (p < 0.05).

      Table 8. 

      Garlic yield (kg·ha−1) based on bulb diameter − 2024 season.