Evolutionary origins, ecological drivers, and environmental implications of antibiotic resistance genes proliferation and dissemination: a 'One Health' perspective

Yi Xu; Jiaying Wang; Tinghong Fu; Shihong Yang; Guoxiang You; Jun Hou; Yi Xu; Jiaying Wang; Tinghong Fu; Shihong Yang; Guoxiang You; Jun Hou

doi:10.48130/biocontam-0025-0014

Figure 1.

The evolutionary origin, ecological driving factors, and environmental risks of ARGs.

Figure 2.

The evolutionary origins of ARGs. (a) Critical roles of adaptation to physiological functions in driving ARGs evolution. (b) The horizontal transfer of ARGs is mediated by a plasmid. (c) The vertical transfer of ARGs during the phylogeny and community succession.

Figure 3.

The dissemination of ARGs constrained by genomic incompatibility in natural environments and boosted by anthropogenic activity.

Figure 4.

Summary of the environmental implications and research gaps of ARGs evolution.