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Figure 1.
Components and contents of polyphenols in the (a) peel, and (b) pulp of different cultivars. The varieties represented by the codes in the figure are the same as those shown in Table 1.
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Figure 2.
Distribution of polyphenol content in different apple strains. (a) Distribution of total phenol content in the peel and pulp. (b) Distribution of polyphenol content in the peel of different apple strains. (c) Distribution of polyphenol content in the pulp of different apple strains. The data were subjected to t test analysis, and the data were presented as the means ± SDs of three independent experiments. * are significantly different at p < 0.05. ** indicates p < 0.01. *** indicates p < 0.001.
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Figure 3.
Analysis of the principal components of polyphenols in the (a) peel, and (b) pulp of different apple strains.
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Figure 4.
Clustering of different apple strains based on polyphenol components and content. (a) Clustering of polyphenol components and contents in the peel of different apple strains. (b) Clustering of polyphenol components and contents in the pulp of different apple strains.
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Strain No. Cultivars Breeding method Breeding country Fuji-strains F1 Fuji Ralls × Delicious Japan F2 Changfu 2 Fuji color bud sport Japan F3 Huafu Fuji anther culture China F4 Florina Fuji bud sport Romania F5 Senshu Toko × Fuji Japan F6 Qiufu 5 Fuji bud sport Japan F7 Qiufu 1 Fuji color bud sport Japan F8 Changfu 7 Fuji bud sport Japan F9 Spur Fuji Fuji spur bud sport Japan F10 4--23 Fuji × {(Indo × Golden Delicious) × Xu} Japan F11 Hanfu Dongguang × Fuji China F12 Miyasaki Fuji bud sport Japan F13 Shinsekai Akagi × Fuji Japan F14 Qiufu 39 Fuji spur bud sport Japan F15 Himekami Fuji × Jonathan Japan F16 Fengcun Fuji Fuji bud sport Japan F17 Uruka Fuji bud sport Japan F18 Huang Fuji Fuji bud sport Japan F19 Jizaoshu Fuji Fuji precocity bud sport Japan F20 Shandao Fuji Fuji bud sport Japan Delicious-strains D1 Delicious Natural seedling America D2 Bianqiangzi 2 Delicious bud sport, algebra unknown China D3 Houjiadian duanzhihongxing Third bud sport generation China D4 Zhangjiakou duanzhihongxing Third bud sport generation China D5 Qingdao 1 Delicious bud sport, algebra unknown China D6 Aihong Third bud sport generation China D7 Sishui duanzhihongxing Third bud sport generation China D8 Jinli Third bud sport generation China D9 Xianghong Delicious × Mixed pollen China D10 Top red Third bud sport generation America D11 Starkrimson Delicious Third bud sport generation America D12 Acespur Red Fifth bud sport generation America D13 Nanshan 4 Delicious bud sport, algebra unknown China D14 Kangtun duanzhi Delicious bud sport, algebra unknown China D15 Tianwangyihao Starkrimson Delicious bud sport China Golden Delicious-strains G1 Golden Delicious Natural seedling America G2 Xinping 4 Golden Delicious × Xinguang China G3 Honey gold Golden Delicious × Haralson America G4 Aijingguan Golden Delicious spur bud sport China G5 Enweier Golden Spur Golden Delicious spur bud sport America G6 Kuihua Golden Delicious × Starking Delicious China G7 Lysgolden Golden Delicious radiation France G8 Orin Golden Delicious seedling Japan G9 Qinguan Golden Delicious × Jiguan China G10 Wangling Golden Delicious × Delicious Japan G11 Gold Spur Delicious Golden Delicious spur bud sport America G12 Danxia Golden Delicious seedling China G13 Mutsu Golden Delicious × Indo Japan G14 Huayue Golden Delicious × Huafu China Ralls-strains R1 Ralls Natural seedling America R2 Iwaki Ralls × Northenspy Japan R3 Chimera Ralls Ralls chimera bud sport China R4 Guoqing Ralls × White Pearmain China R5 Xingguoguang Ralls bud sport China R6 Chuizhiguoguang Ralls vertical bud sport China Refer to the paperwritten by Xin et al.[26], Dong et al.[24], and "Chinese Fruit Tree Record · Apple Roll"[27] for strain division and breeding methods. Table 1.
Apple cultivars used in the present study.
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Component Mean
(mg/kg FW)Variation range
(mg/kg FW)Total phenol 3,495.34 290.84–5,905.13 Flavonols RUT 23.54 1.20–144.04 QUEAL 332.52 44.45–726.19 QUEGL 50.48 10.85–144.51 QUEXY 91.09 24.24–165.47 QUEAR 154.27 40.27–310.47 QUERH 120.76 40.91–361.21 Hydroxycinnamates CHLAC 61.22 1.80–224.37 Procyanidins PROB2 290.45 23.81–661.74 PROC1 293.28 54.19–748.64 EPI 171.73 17.56–414.93 Dihydrochalcones HYDXY 21.25 3.57–54.75 HYDGL 21.69 1.92–69.77 PHL 59.36 5.55–239.51 Anthocyanins CYAGA 49.44 0–185.79 CYAAR 4.41 0–26.76 CYAXY 4.35 0–16.93 Table 2.
Comparison of the content of polyphenolic components in the peel of 55 apple cultivars.
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Component Mean
(mg/kg FW)Variation range
(mg/kg FW)Total phenol 296.15 83.42–523.85 Flavonols QUERH 1.99 0–36.44 Hydroxycinnamates CHLAC 23.35 0.91–103.57 DICAC 2.77 0–13.04 COU4AC 1.90 0–16.08 COU5AC 3.11 0–23.26 Procyanidins PROB2 21.71 0–40.64 PROC1 22.49 0–148.62 EPI 14.65 0–29.29 Dihydrochalcones HYDXY 2.65 0–36.88 PHLXY 1.14 0–2.97 HYDGL 2.05 0–4.49 PHL 1.95 0–5.67 Table 3.
Comparison of the content of polyphenolic components in the pulp of 55 apple cultivars.
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Position Strain Breeding way No. The number and proportion of transgressive inheritance compared with the control Total phenol Flavonols Hydroxycinnamic acid Procyanidins Dihydrochalcones Anthocyanins No. Proportion No. Proportion No. Proportion No. Proportion No. Proportion No. Proportion Peel Fuji-strains Hybrid 6 2 33.33 2 33.33 2 33.33 1 16.67 1 16.67 5 83.33 Bud sport 14 4 28.57 2 14.29 3 21.43 2 14.29 3 21.43 10 71.42 Delicious-strains Hybrid 2 1 50.00 1 50.00 1 50.00 1 50.00 1 50.00 1 50.00 Bud sport 13 13 100.00 13 100.00 10 76.92 11 84.61 13 100.00 13 100.00 Golden Delicious-strains Hybrid 10 4 40.00 3 30.00 2 20.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Bud sport 4 1 25.00 2 50.00 1 25.00 1 25.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Ralls-strains Hybrid 3 2 66.67 0 0.00 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 33.33 Bud sport 3 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 33.33 2 66.67 1 33.33 3 100.00 Pulp Fuji-strains Hybrid 6 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 16.67 0 0.00 1 16.67 − − Bud sport 14 2 14.29 5 35.71 7 50.00 2 14.29 7 50.00 − − Delicious-strains Hybrid 2 1 50.00 1 50.00 1 50.00 1 50.00 1 50.00 − − Bud sport 13 12 92.31 11 84.62 12 92.31 12 92.31 12 92.31 − − Golden Delicious-strains Hybrid 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 20.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 − − Bud sport 4 1 25.00 0 0.00 1 25.00 1 25.00 0 0.00 − − Ralls-strains Hybrid 3 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 33.33 − − Bud sport 3 1 33.33 1 33.33 1 33.33 2 66.67 2 66.67 − − Note: '−' means not detected. Table 4.
Effects of different breeding methods on polyphenol components.
Figures
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Tables
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