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Figure 1.
Systemic barriers to biochar integration in circular economy pathways. The pie chart illustrates proportional constraints hindering deployment, grouped into three tiers. Tier I (35%) includes feedstock variability, reactor design limitations, lack of certification standards, and high production cost. Tier II (55%) covers high energy input, soil uncertainties, fragmented regulations, decentralized supply chains, unstandardized quality, carbon credit ineligibility, weak co-product valorization, and short-term carbon persistence. Tier III (10%) comprises emissions leakage and microbial ecotoxicity. These barriers highlight leverage points for targeted technological, policy, economic, and environmental interventions.
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Figure 2.
Linking spatial modeling, LCA, and TEA to guide biochar deployment contexts. The framework aligns multi-scalar evidence streams to develop scenario-based strategies. Risk assessment gates each deployment pathway, ensuring safeguards are embedded from the outset.
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