Figures (12)  Tables (7)

    • Figure 1. 

      Three modular models.

    • Figure 2. 

      Bagasse model (Model A).

    • Figure 3. 

      TG and DTG curves of bagasse and catalyst: (a) CaO, 5 °C/min; (b) Na2CO3, 5 °C/min; (c) CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:1, 5 °C/min; (d) CaO, 10 °C/min; (e) Na2CO3, 10 °C/min; (f) CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:1, 10 °C/min; (g) CaO, 20 °C/min; (h) Na2CO3, 20 °C/min; (i) CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:1, 20 °C/min.

    • Figure 4. 

      Model A at (a) 1, 000 K, and (b)1,300 K.

    • Figure 5. 

      Bagasse model at (a) 1,500 K, (b) 2,000 K, and (c) 2,500 K.

    • Figure 6. 

      (a) Glucose model; (b) Xylose model; (c) SA model; (d) Model A.

    • Figure 7. 

      Pyrolysis gas component concentration of bagasse under catalyst conditions (different ratios of CaO and Na2CO3).

    • Figure 8. 

      XRD pattern of catalysts.

    • Figure 9. 

      SEM characterization of (a)–(d) Na2CO3 catalysts; (e)–(h) CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:2 catalysts; (i)–(l) CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:3 catalysts.

    • Figure 10. 

      XPS spectra of mixed catalysts (CaO : Na2CO3=1:3): (a) C1s; (b) O1s; (c) Na1s; (d) Ca2p.

    • Figure 11. 

      TEM patterns of (a) Na2CO3 catalyst, and (b) and (c) mixed catalyst (CaO : Na2CO3=1:3).

    • Figure 12. 

      Raman profiles of (a) Na2CO3 catalyst; (b) CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:2 catalyst; (c) CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:3 catalyst.

    • Serial number Feedstock Catalyst Feedstock catalyst ratio
      1 Bagasse CaO Feedstock : catalyst = 3:1
      2 Bagasse Na2CO3
      3 Bagasse CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:1
      4 Bagasse CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:2
      5 Bagasse CaO : Na2CO3 = 2:1
      6 Bagasse CaO : Na2CO3 = 3:1
      7 Bagasse CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:3

      Table 1. 

      Experimental feedstock and catalyst ratios.

    • Number of molecules
      H· O· OH· H2O CO2 C1 C2 C2 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 SRS
      1,000 K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 14 0 0 0 9
      1,500 K 46 5 15 6 0 2 4 6 2 8 9 0 0 0 9
      2,000 K 143 65 24 0 1 8 15 12 5 4 4 0 0 1 8
      2,500 K 251 117 12 1 0 15 26 13 4 1 3 0 0 1 7

      Table 2. 

      Product statistics at four pyrolysis temperatures for model A.

    • Number of molecules
      H· O· OH· H2O CO CO2 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 SRS
      Glucose 113 51 6 0 1 0 1 5 4 3 0 8 0 0 0 0
      Xylose 62 36 2 0 0 0 1 2 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
      SA 26 7 5 0 0 0 8 3 1 3 1 2 1 0 0 5
      Total 201 94 13 0 1 0 10 10 9 6 5 10 1 0 0 5
      Model A 143 65 24 0 0 1 8 15 12 5 4 4 0 0 1 8

      Table 3. 

      Pyrolysis results of different models at 2,000 K.

    • Product H2 CO2 CO CmHn
      Content (%) 12.09 25.05 37.51 25.35

      Table 4. 

      Gas product of separate pyrolysis of bagasse.

    • Raw material Catalysts H2 content Ref.
      Bagasse and microalgal poultry manure residue Fe biochar 27.89 vol.% [37]
      Bagasse and microalgal poultry manure residue HZSM-5 31.0 vol.% [37]
      Bagasse 10 wt.% Ni-dolomite 24.7 vol.% [38]
      Bagasse Ni/Al2O3 24.3 vol.% [42]
      Bagasse CaO 14.57 vol.% This work
      Bagasse Na2CO3 16.89 vol.% This work
      Bagasse CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:3 17.26 vol.% This work

      Table 5. 

      The comparison of hydrogen evolution efficiency.

    • Number of cycles 1 2 3 4 5
      H2 content (%) 17.3 16.8 15.6 11.9 11.5

      Table 6. 

      Effect of cycle times on CaO and Na2CO3 catalyst systems.

    • Catalysts Surface area
      (m2/g) BET      		 Pore volume (cm3/g) Pore
      diameter
      (nm)
      Mesoporous Microporous Total
      Na2CO3 21.525 0.104 0.051 0.155 3.06
      CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:1 16.616 0.033 0.026 0.059 3.063
      CaO : Na2CO3 = 1:3 17.228 0.035 0.028 0.063 3.063

      Table 7. 

      BET results of catalysts.