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    • Metric LiDAR (TLS/MLS) NeRF/3DGS (2024–2025 prototypes) Ref.
      Hardware cost
      (USD ${\$} $)      		 10,000–60,000 100–1,000
      (phone/drone)      		 [1]
      Collection speed 1–5 h/plot 10–60 min/plot [2]
      DBH RMSE 1–4.5 cm 1.68–5 cm [9,16]
      CHM MAE 0.1–0.5 m 0.17–0.5 m [5,6]
      Processing time Minutes–hours 250–300 s [4,16]
      Scalability Plot-level Landscape (200+ acres) [6]

      Table 1. 

      Performance comparison of LiDAR vs NeRF/3DGS prototypes in forest phenomics applications.