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Figure 1. 

Schematic of SOFC: (a) tubular structure, (b) planar structure.

Figure 2. 

(a) Timeline for the development of various tubular SOFCs^[4,25−27]. (b) Schematic diagram of the FT-SOFC. (c) Schematic diagram of the MT-SOFC. (d) Schematic diagram of the SIS-SOFC. (e) The schematic diagram of the cone-shaped SOFC.

Figure 3. 

(a) Schematic diagram of the FT-SOFC integrated electrode and air channel^[29]. (b) Schematic diagram of the FT-SOFC^[29]. (c) Schematic diagram of the symmetrical FT-SOFC.

Figure 4. 

(a) Schematic diagram of a two-unit bundle containing four cells, and (b) actual image of the 1 kW class FT-SOFC stack^[29]. (c) Schematic diagram of stack structure^[29]. (d) Schematic diagram of the stack components^[42]. (Reprinted with permission from Han et al.^[43]. Copyright [2022] Elsevier B.V.)

Figure 5. 

(a) Process of preparing SIS-SOFC. (b) Cell components fabricated by decalcomania papers method^[61]. (c) Schematic of the tubular SIS-SOFC and the stack with 56 tubular SIS-SOFCs^[29]. (d) Schematic diagram of the SIS-SOFCs stacks consist of 14 cells, and the influence of fuel utilization on voltage. V: 0–1 and V: 6, 7 represent the voltage of the cell at the most upstream and most downstream cell, respectively^[68].

Figure 6. 

(a) Fabricating process of multi-tubular SOFC with seven cells^[78] (Reprinted with permission from Mani et al.^[79]. Copyright [2010] Elsevier B.V.). (b) SEM photomicrographs of 6-channel anode supports^[22]. (c) Fabrication steps of anode support bolt-microtube^[83] (Reprinted with permission from Kim & Jang^[84]. Copyright [2023] Elsevier B.V.). (d) Schematic of 3D printed MT-SOFC fabrication process^[84].

Figure 7. 

(a) Actual images ceramic manifold components and micro-tubular SOFC stacks consisted of four bundles^[94]. (b) Fabrication process of the MT-SOFC stack Using MgO matrices^[61]. (c) Schematic diagram of the current collector and the assembly process of the eight-cell stack^[98]. (d) Actual images of the MT-SOFC with double Ni-pads and the schematic diagram of the MT-SOFC stack consisting of 80 cells^[99].

Figure 8. 

(a) System diagram of SOFCs-battery hybrid vehicle. (b) Life cycle costs of different vehicles^[106]. (c) MT-SOFCs stack for the UAV. (d) Actual images of UAV equipped with MT-SOFC system^[107].

Figure 9. 

(a) General layout of a typical SOFCs-based CHP system. (b) SOFCs-based CHP system developed by Siemens Westinghouse^[19]. (c) Commercial SOFCs-based CHP system 'Ene Farm type S'^[113]. (d) Schematic diagram of micro-grid composed of SOFCs-based CHP system in residential area^[114].

Figure 10. 

(a) Schematic diagram of a pressurized SOFCs-GT system. (b) 220 kW SOFCs-GT system without the power dissipators^[19]. (c) SOFC module developed by MHI^[127]. (d) 250 kW SOFCs-GT system was developed by MHPS^[66]. (e) Schematic diagram of a system combining SOFCs and photovoltaics. (f) Layout of wastewater treatment plant with SOFCs^[128].