Figures (1)  Tables (4)

    • Figure 1. 

      Number of patients according to nutritional status evaluated by the PG-SGA at baseline and Week 3: (A) well-nourished; (B) moderately or suspected of being malnourished; (C) severely malnourished. ASMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass.

    • Total (n) % / SD
      Age (years) 62.3 9.6
      Sex [n (%)] Male 28 80.0
      Female 7 20.0
      Primary diagnosis Stomach 23 65.7
      Sigmoid colon 4 11.4
      Ascending colon 1 2.9
      Descending colon 1 2.9
      Transverse colon 1 2.9
      Rectum 3 8.6
      Duodenum 2 5.7
      Stage I 5 14.3
      II 6 17.1
      III 18 51.4
      IV 6 17.1
      Chemotherapy No 15 42.9
      Yes 20 57.1
      BW status Underweight 8 22.9
      Normal weight 26 74.3
      Overweight 1 2.9
      At risk of sarcopenia Low ASMI 19 54.3
      Normal ASMI 16 45.7
      Nutritional status by PG-SCAa A 1 2.9
      B 14 40.0
      C 20 57.1
      ASMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; PG-SCA: patient-generated subjective global assessment score; SD: standard deviation. Data are presented as the mean and SD or the median (interquartile range: 25%−75%). a A: well-nourished; B: moderately or suspected of being malnourished; C: severely malnourished.

      Table 1. 

      Baseline characteristics of study patients (n = 35).

    • Baseline Week 3 Change p-Valuea
      Bodyweight (kg) 55.2 (7.0) 55.6 (7.3) 0.4 0.818
      Body mass index (kg/m2) 20.0 (2.0) 20.1 (2.1) 0.1 0.909
      Total body water (L) 32.8 (5.3) 32.2 (5.2) −0.6 0.646
      Skeletal muscle mass (kg) 23.5 (4.1) 23.6 (4.1) 0.1 0.924
      ASM (kg) 18.5 (3.0) 18.7 (2.9) 0.2 0.749
      Fat mass (kg) 10.3 (8.2, 14.0) 11.1 (9.2, 14.3) 0.8 0.856
      Body fat (%) 19.3 (14.4, 23.6) 19.5 (17.1, 25.7) 0.2 0.589
      Visceral fat area (cm2) 53.1 (44.1, 68.0) 53.8 (44.4, 68.6) 0.7 0.819
      C-reactive protein (mg/L) 1.7 (0.7, 3.3) 1.9 (0.9, 3.9) 0.2 0.727
      Albumin (g/L) 41.0 (38.8, 43.0) 40.8 (38.9, 42.3) −0.2 0.589
      SII 291.8
      (192.5, 447.2)      		 278.6
      (221.7, 351.3)      		 −13.2 0.574
      PNI 49.00 (45.9, 51.2) 47.4 (46.4, 49.5) −1.6 0.570
      ASM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass; SII: systemic immune–inflammation index; PNI: prognostic nutritional index. Data are presented as the mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range: 25%−75%). a p-Values were examined by Paired Student's t-test and the Wilcoxon–Whitney U- test between the baseline and Week 3 of ONS.

      Table 2. 

      Comparison of anthropometry, body composition and inflammatory parameters at baseline and after 3-week oral nutritional supplements.

    • Low ASMI Normal ASMI
      Baseline Week 3 Change p-Valuea Baseline Week 3 Change p-Valuea
      Total Bodyweight (kg) 51.0 (48.9, 56.7) 51.3 (48.1, 55.7) 0.3 0.761 58.6 (55.3, 66.1) 60.0 (57.0, 66.8) 1.4 0.577
      BMI (kg/m2) 19.0 (17.5, 19.6) 18.3 (17.8, 19.4) −0.7 0.693 21.9 (20.3, 22.6) 21.9 (20.4, 22.3) 0.0 0.759
      Total body water (L) 31.9 (29.9, 34.9) 30.6 (28.4, 33.4) −1.3 0.459 34.0 (31.3, 36.9) 34.5 (31.4, 36.8) 0.5 0.751
      SMM (kg) 22.2 (21.5, 25.8) 22.2 (20.7, 24.5) 0.0 0.750 24.8 (22.1, 26.9) 25.4 (23.1, 26.9) 0.6 0.679
      Fat mass (kg) 9.6 (7.0, 10.7) 9.6 (7.9, 10.3) 0.0 0.988 13.6 (10.3, 15.8) 13.0 (11.1,17.1) −0.4 0.627
      Body fat (%) 19.0 (13.7, 20.7) 18.4 (16.5, 20.0) −0.6 0.855 22.6 (17.1, 27.7) 21.8 (18.3, 26.6) −0.8 0.665
      Visceral fat area (cm2) 46.3 (39.1,53.1) 45.0 (34.7, 53.2) −1.3 0.915 65.5 (53.5, 75.0) 65.1 (55.0,80.7) −0.4 0.901
      No chemotherapy Bodyweight (kg) 50.4 (49.4, 59.2) 49.8 (48.2, 54.5) −0.6 0.563 57.8 (56.0, 58.8) 58.5 (57.0, 61.0) 0.7 0.515
      BMI (kg/m2) 19.3 (17.8, 20.1) 18.9 (17.6, 19.9) −0.4 0.657 21.9 (20.6, 22.3) 20.7 (20.1, 22.3) −1.2 1.000
      Total body water (L) 30.1 (29.9, 34.9) 30.1 (28.9, 30.6) 0.0 0.464 32.6 (29.1, 34.3) 34.5 (29.9, 36.9) 1.9 0.569
      SMM (kg) 21.6 (21.5, 25.7) 21.9 (21.0, 22.2) 0.3 0.688 23.3 (21.4, 25.2) 25.4 (21.9, 26.9) 2.1 0.570
      Fat mass (kg) 9.6 (8.2, 11.7) 8.7 (8.0, 15.3) −0.9 0.689 13.6 (12.4, 14.0) 12.4 (11.1, 13.8) −1.2 0.515
      Body fat (%) 19.1(14.4, 19.6) 17.4 (16.6, 25.6) −1.7 0.859 23.6 (21.1, 26.1) 20.9 (17.6, 25.3) −2.7 0.570
      Visceral fat area (cm2) 46.5 (40.9, 54.8) 42.5 (36.8, 80.8) −4.0 0.657 66.0 (58.8, 73.4) 58.0 (51.5, 71.5) −8.0 0.465
      Chemotherapy Bodyweight (kg) 51.7 (48.9, 53.4) 52.6 (47.5, 55.7) −0.9 0.624 60.2 (54.5, 67.5) 61.5 (55.0, 67.6) 1.3 0.597
      BMI (kg/m2) 18.4 (17.5, 19.0) 18.2 (17.8, 19.1) −0.2 0.935 21.8 (20.0, 23.2) 22.0 (20.4, 23.7) 0.2 0.503
      Total body water (L) 32.2 (28.4, 35.2) 32.2 (28.0, 34.2) 0.0 0.965 34.3 (32.9, 36.9) 35.3 (31.4, 36.8) 1.0 0.967
      SMM (kg) 23.1 (22.2, 25.8) 23.7 (20.1, 25.4) 0.6 0.838 24.9 (22.8, 27.3) 25.9 (23.1, 27.2) 1.0 0.805
      Fat mass (kg) 9.8 (6.5, 10.3) 9.7 (9.1, 10.2) −0.1 0.902 13.5 (9.2, 16.2) 14.7 (11.0, 17.1) 1.2 0.438
      Body fat (%) 17.2 (13.3, 20.7) 18.7 (13.7, 20.0) 1.5 0.838 22.4 (15.8, 29.4) 24.7 (19.1, 28.4) 2.3 0.342
      Visceral fat area (cm2) 45.4 (33.2, 53.1) 45.9 (34.7, 53.0) 0.5 0.806 65.0 (53.0, 82.5) 67.5 (55.2, 88.5) 2.5 0.439
      SMM: skeletal muscle mass; ASMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index. Data are presented as the median with interquartile range (25%−75%). a p-Values were examined by the Wilcoxon–Whitney U-test between baseline and after 3 weeks of ONS.

      Table 3. 

      Comparison of anthropometry and body composition at baseline and Week 3 after tumor-specialized ONS, stratified by sarcopenia status and chemotherapy status.

    • Low ASMI Normal ASMI
      Baseline Week 3 Change p-Valuea Baseline Week 3 Change p-Valuea
      Total CRP (mg/L) 1.8 (0.64, 8.6) 1.9 (1.3, 8.0) 0.1 0.498 1.7 (0.72,3.3) 1.2 (0.63, 3.9) −0.5 0.872
      ALB (g/L) 40.9 (39.0, 44.2) 39.7 (38.1, 40.7) −1.2 0.355 41.3 (38.8, 42.7) 41.3 (40.8, 42.8) 0.0 0.752
      SII 291.4 (192.5, 386.7) 264.7 (189.8, 385.9) −26.7 0.786 315.3 (221.9, 447.2) 292.3 (228.6, 351.3) −22.9 0.631
      PNI 47.9 (46.5, 49.5) 47.0 (45.3, 48.4) −1.0 0.173 49.5 (45.5, 51.2) 49.3 (47.4, 52.1) −0.2 0.716
      No chemotherapy CRP (mg/L) 1.9 (0.69, 14.9) 1.9 (0.48, 8.0) 0.0 0.655 2.7 (0.51, 2.8) 2.4 (0.43, 5.7) −0.3 0.584
      ALB (g/L) 39.2 (38.4, 40.9) 38.7 (36.9, 39.2) −0.5 0.454 42.7 (38.7, 42.7) 42.1 (39.8, 43.1) −0.6 0.855
      SII 215.3 (159.5, 363.7) 275.7 (210.7, 359.7) 60.4 0.670 405.7 (221.9, 622.2) 308.3 (212.3, 353.2) −97.5 0.685
      PNI 46.7 (45.9, 47.9) 45.7 (43.9, 47.0) −1.1 0.336 49.7 (49.2, 51.2) 49.8 (47.4, 52.1) 0.1 0.927
      Chemotherapy CRP (mg/L) 1.6 (0.58, 2.3) 2.2 (1.4, 8.0) 0.6 0.247 1.6 (0.96, 3.3) 1.2 (0.75, 3.1) −0.4 0.665
      ALB (g/L) 44.2 (39.6, 45.5) 40.4 (38.8, 41.7) −3.8 0.297 41 (40.1, 41.7) 41.3 (40.8, 42.3) 0.3 0.596
      SII 370.0 (254.1, 497.7) 261.7 (175.4, 450.2) −108.3 0.488 291.8 (248.6, 402.7) 280.3 (235.5, 323.2) −11.5 0.630
      PNI 49.5 (47.6, 52.0) 47.4 (46.3, 49.4) −2.1 0.118 48.1 (45.5, 50.2) 48.3 (47.3, 52.4) 0.2 0.711
      CRP: C-reactive protein; ALB: albumin; SII: the systemic immune-inflammation index; PNI: prognostic nutritional index. Data are presented as the median with interquartile range (25%−75%). a p-Values were examined by the Wilcoxon–Whitney U-test between baseline and after 3 weeks of ONS.

      Table 4. 

      Comparison of immune and inflammatory parameters at baseline and after 3 weeks of ONS, stratified by sarcopenia status and chemotherapy status.