Figures (5)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Literature number search statistics on AI SS from the Web of Science and CNKI using the topic 'AI SS'.

    • Figure 2. 

      Schematic diagram of the interrelationships of three-level and three-category problems of AI and SS.

    • Figure 3. 

      Knowledge structure system of the Intelligence System SS and its interrelationships.

    • Figure 4. 

      Knowledge structure system of Intelligence Engineering and its interrelationships.

    • Figure 5. 

      Knowledge structure system of the Intelligence Domain Risk Governance and its interrelationships.

    • Disciplines Specialty of Intelligent System SS Specialty of SS Intelligence Engineering[34,35] Specialty of Intelligence Domain Risk Governance[35−37]
      Many existing disciplines and majors belong to (undergraduate) Such as electronic information, computer science, electronic automation Such as safety science and engineering, public security technology, cross disciplines of engineering Such as safety science and engineering, public management, management science and engineering
      Focus of R&D SS problems of the intelligence system itself[32,33] Intelligent technology is used to solve the SS problems in various fields New SS problems arising from R&D of intelligent technology and its application process
      Action level and scale SS of intelligent technology ontology layer, SS issues in micro area Multiple SS application scenarios of social layer, SS issues from micro to meso Secondary SS of appearance layer, SS issues from meso to macro
      The time dimension and SS effectiveness SS problems appear first (one-way reduction, negative risks) SS problems appear after the applications (positive and negative two-way, positive effects mainly, negative effects secondary) SS problems appear relatively late (one-way reduction, negative effects)
      The interrelationship of the three disciplines The specialty provides SS technology base for intelligence systems, and is the core components of SS Intelligence Engineering Intelligence system achievements are transformed to engineering Prevention of secondary SS problems arising from intelligent technology R&D and applications in the SS fields
      Protection object difference AI systems are the protection object SS of various scenarios is the action object Human social SS is the protection object
      The personnel of three disciplines Mainly AI professionals, supplemented by occupational SS professionals Occupational SS professionals, supplemented by AI professionals occupational SS professionals and managers, and supplemented by AI professionals
      Examples of collaboration among three disciplines (taking on-board AI as an example)[34−37] Design on-board AI technology to be safe and reliable, enabling vehicles to run normally and resist external deception and attacks on sensors; the safety upgrading of on-board AI; etc. Selection of appropriate on-board AI and providing AI design professionals with on-board AI application experience and design philosophy; the maintenance of on-board AI implementation process and environmental safety; ensuring the safety matching between on-board AI and vehicles; etc. Providing SS management specifications and standards for the design and application of on-board AI technology; formulating insurance terms, market norms for on-board AI failures; Intelligent System SS personnel and SS Intelligence Engineering personnel participate in the reasonable setting and application scope of technical and application indicators in the safety standards and specifications of on-board AI

      Table 1. 

      Focus and characteristics of the Intelligent system SS, the SS Intelligence Engineering, and the Intelligence Domain Risk Governance.

    • Directions Examples
      Applying AI to national security Strategic threat deduction, multinational game simulation system, dynamic evolution model of geopolitical conflict, multi-source heterogeneous data threat intelligence extraction, digital frontier defense, cross-border data flow supervision intelligent system, cognitive warfare confrontation engineering, forged content traceability and countermeasures system, etc. More new SS disciplines that may be formed in the future include national digital security engineering, strategic intelligence deduction science, data frontier defense engineering, etc.
      Applying AI to military security Ethical constraints of weapon systems, dynamic regulation mechanism of AI independent decision-making, intelligent deception of battlefield environment, virtual technology of confrontation network, resilience enhancement of bee colony system, anti-jamming self-healing communication network of UAV cluster, confrontation of neural electronic warfare, encryption protection system of brain computer interface, etc.
      Applying AI to social SS Time-space prediction of crime hotspots, dynamic generation technology of crime probability, pre intervention technology of group event evolution, intelligent group behavior dredging system, hidden network ecological governance, anonymous network penetration analysis technology, public opinion immune engineering, false information group immune strategy, etc.
      Applying AI to natural disaster prevention and reduction Multi hazard coupling early warning, large model of earth disaster prediction, AI adaptive emergency, UAV disaster relief materials autonomous distribution system, urban flood disaster simulation and plan optimization, AI ecological resilience assessment, intelligent diagnosis of ecosystem vulnerability, etc.
      Applying AI to public health emergencies Pathogen evolution prediction, virus mutation path deduction, medical resource circuit breaker warning, medical run risk prediction, vaccine social dynamics, multi-agent population immune process simulation, non-contact epidemiology, spatial voiceprint identification, and intelligent tracking of connectors, etc.
      Applying AI to accident prevention Entropy increase monitoring of industrial systems, failure precursor recognition of multimodal data, intelligent prediction of human error, biological indicators tracking operators' safety status, chain accident propagation path cutting algorithm, accident investigation enhanced virtual reality, on-site debris intelligent reconstruction and cause tracing, etc.
      Applying AI to SS supervision Intelligent processing of regulatory big data, intelligent semantic analysis of regulatory provisions, off-site intelligent inspection, remote law enforcement system based on the Internet of Things, security regulatory deduction, digital testing of policy impact, enterprise risk profiling, enterprise security credit evaluation model, etc.
      Applying AI to enterprise safety production AI safety management system, risk self sensing system of the whole production process, gene analysis of violation behavior, intelligent analysis driving violation evolution, supply chain resilience assessment, risk conduction blocking algorithm, safety investment optimization, risk income balance model, etc.
      Applying AI to emergency rescue Multi-mode disaster perception, development of space integrated reconnaissance robot, digital twin of rescue force, AI collaborative command platform of on-site rescue force, adaptive rescue path, real-time calculation of three-dimensional space traffic capacity, intelligent triage of the wounded, and vital signs priority treatment decision-making system, etc.
      Applying AI to safety technology R&D Safety experiments, intelligent search algorithm for safety hazards, cross agency safety instrument and equipment, safety technology ethics evaluation, double-edged sword effect prediction model of innovative technology, etc.
      Applying AI to traffic safety traffic dynamic risk field theory, risk propagation modeling under the vehicle road collaborative environment, driving brain cognitive modeling, trust transfer mechanism between driver status and automatic driving system, intelligent repair of road damage of self sensing materials, intelligent generation of emergency channels, intelligent restructuring algorithm of traffic flow under major accidents, etc.
      Applying AI to urban SS Urban safety ecological intelligent monitoring, urban lifeline system health diagnosis based on the IoT, three-dimensional risk governance, resilient urban evolution, urban planning disaster resistance iterative optimization, community safety immunity, risk adaptive grid management system, etc.
      Applying AI to safety personnel training Safety knowledge evolution modeling, virtual safety tutor, intelligent planning of safety talents, emergency brain training, crisis decision-making ability training, etc.
      Applying AI to safety science education AI risk awareness remodeling, public safety mental model building, immersive education theater R&D, accident scenario AI experience system, intelligent safety short video production platform, intelligent quantification of safety education effect, etc.
      Applying AI to SS media Safety news event presentation, intelligent interference technology of negative information transmission path, media safety survival early warning, safety media health intelligent diagnosis, etc.

      Table 2. 

      Some important application research directions of the SS Intelligence Engineering and examples[38−44].