Figures (14)  Tables (5)

    • Figure 1. 

      Hybrid residential microgrid under consideration.

    • Figure 2. 

      Flowchart of the proposed methodology.

    • Figure 3. 

      Flowchart of the proposed energy management strategy.

    • Figure 4. 

      Hourly load demand (MW) over a 24 h period.

    • Figure 5. 

      Hourly solar irradiance (kWh/m2), and PV power generation (MW) over a 24 h period.

    • Figure 6. 

      Wind speed (m/s), and the wind turbine power generation (MW) over a 24 h period.

    • Figure 7. 

      Renewable energy generation against MG load demand over a 24 h period.

    • Figure 8. 

      MG unmet demand by RES over a 24 h period.

    • Figure 9. 

      Unmet demand by Ren Generation (MW), BESS (MWh), and DG Dispatch (MW) over a 24 h period.

    • Figure 10. 

      Optimal size of each DER for the optimum configuration.

    • Figure 11. 

      Quantity of CO2 emitted by the different scenarios.

    • Figure 12. 

      Fuel consumption under different scenarios.

    • Figure 13. 

      Cost of energy for the different scenarios.

    • Figure 14. 

      BESS SoC, charging and discharging (MWh) characteristics.

    • Parameter Value
      Swarm size 50
      Number of iterations 1,000
      Inertia weight (w) 0.5
      Personal learning factor (c1) 1.5
      Social learning factor (c2) 2.0
      Velocity limit 15%

      Table 1. 

      Parameters of PSO

    • Type of DER unit Capital cost
      (US$\boldsymbol{\$} $/kW)      		 O&M cost
      (US${\boldsymbol\$} $/kW)      		 Replacement cost
      (US${\boldsymbol\$} $/kW)
      PV 1,200 70 1,200
      WT 8,200 100 5,400
      BESS 1,500 15 1,500
      DG 3,000 0.04 (US${\$} $/h) 3,000

      Table 2. 

      System economics in terms of component cost[13]

    • Parameter HOMER PSO
      Project lifespan (years) 25 25
      Discount rate (%) 8 8
      DG lifespan (years) 15 15
      WT lifespan (years) 20 20
      BESS lifespan (years) 10 10

      Table 3. 

      Project and economic parameters

    • Scenarios Fuel
      (million L)      		 Emission
      (million kg/yr)      		 COE
      (US${\boldsymbol\$} $/kWh)      		 NPC (US${\boldsymbol\$} $)
      DG 9.2 24.6 1.92 123,048,558.97
      DG/WT 6.7 17.9 1.08 98,042,498.96
      DG/PV 8.8 22.1 1.74 116,729,972.92
      WT/BESS 0 0 0.99 110,167,373.27
      PV/BESS 0 0 1.09 104,354,936,54
      PV/WT/DG/BESS 2.1 8.4 0.73 85,542,372.16

      Table 4. 

      Simulation results of the different scenarios

    • Metric PSO HOMER
      Optimal system PV/WT/DG/BESS PV/WT/DG/BESS
      NPC US${\$} $85,542,372.16 US${\$} $122,318,750
      COE 0.73 0.87
      CO2 emission (million kg/yr) 8.4 10.2
      Liters of diesel fuel consumed (million L/yr) 2.1 4.2
      Computation time Moderately high, depending on iterations Moderately low

      Table 5. 

      A comparison of the proposed PSO-based methodology against HOMER