Figures (1)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Mean survival rates of nauplii of Artemia salina exposed to COVID-19 drugs: (a) Hydroxychloroquine, (b) ivermectin, (c) nitazoxanide, (d) betamethasone, and (e) loratadine) for 48 h. The control treatment consists of a 1.0% acetone solution. Error bars indicate standard deviations.

    • Hydroxychloroquine (mg/L) Nitazoxanide (mg/L) Ivermectin (μg/L) Loratadine (mg/L) Betamethasone (μg/L)
      Control 100 10 1 0.1 Control 50 5 0.5 0.05 Control 1,000 100 10 1 Control 20 2 0.2 0.02 Control 4,000 400 40 4
      Salinity 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
      pH 8.1 7.9 7.9 8 8 8.2 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.9 8.2 7.7 7.9 8 8 8.1 8 8 8.1 8 8.1 8 8.1 8 8.1
      Temperature (°C) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
      D.O.
      (% saturation)      		 92 88 91 92 92 95 80 85 89 90 93 86 89 91 91 91 90 93 87 88 90 82 91 92 90

      Table 1. 

      Physicochemical parameter of the tested solutions in the toxicity tests with pharmaceuticals used to treat COVID-19

    • Test compound LC50-48 h LOEC
      Hydroxychloroquine Not toxic Not toxic
      Ivermectin NC 1.0 μg/L
      Nitazoxanide 0.64 (0.21–1.93) mg/L 0.05 mg/L
      Betamethasone 33.64 (22.25–50.86) μg/L 4.0 μg/L
      Loratadine 0.53 mg/L 0.02 mg/L

      Table 2. 

      Lethal concentrations to 50% of organisms (LC50-48 h) and the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) obtained for nauplii of Artemia salina exposed to COVID-19 pharmaceuticals