Figures (1)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      Distribution of Z-scores for PR thickness, comparing distinct profiles derived via LPA. (a) Distribution of Z-scores among participants. Positive values indicate thicker values relative to the cohort mean; negative values indicate thinner values. (b) Comparison of PR thickness parameters across identified profiles. (c) Visualization of the two identified PR profiles to conceptually summarize the relative differences in the inner and outer PR segments (schematic illustration, not to scale). ELM, external limiting membrane; ISOS, inner and outer PR segments; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium.

    • ModelProfileAICBICEntropySample proportion (smallest class)Sample proportion (largest class)
      A2156,930.18157,067.791.000.020.98
      A3147,606.78147,795.090.860.020.56
      A4143,841.44144,080.440.830.020.47
      A5141,507.19141,796.890.840.020.44
      B2151,501.49151,682.550.950.070.93
      B3138,565.49138,840.710.880.070.47
      B4132,870.19133,239.560.860.060.39
      B5130,586.77131,050.290.830.060.30
      C2122,149.30122,395.551.000.030.97
      C3123,259.51123,556.460.410.040.53
      C4119,228.96119,576.610.520.000.95
      C5117,364.12117,762.470.620.020.81
      D2112,026.30112,424.640.910.100.90
      D3109,411.13110,012.270.740.090.69
      D4107,692.97108,496.900.750.070.69
      D5106,719.06107,725.780.740.060.53
      AIC, Aikake information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion.

      Table 1. 

      Model fit indices for the LPA of PR thickness.

    • Characteristics Profile 1 (N = 9,324) Profile 2 (N = 1,004) p-Value
      Age 55.00 (48.00, 61.00) 56.00 (49.00, 62.00) < 0.001
      Gender < 0.001
      Female 5,015.00 (53.79%) 460.00 (45.82%)
      Male 4,309.00 (46.21%) 544.00 (54.18%)
      Ethnicity 0.193
      Non-White 783.00 (8.40%) 97.00 (9.66%)
      White 8,541.00 (91.60%) 907.00 (90.34%)
      Education 0.064
      College 4,593.00 (49.26%) 526.00 (52.39%)
      Other levels 4,731.00 (50.74%) 478.00 (47.61%)
      TDI −1.62 (−3.37, 0.87) −1.44 (−3.26, 1.26) 0.090
      BMI 0.451
      Underweight 46.00 (0.49%) 7.00 (0.70%)
      Normal 3,335.00 (35.77%) 338.00 (33.67%)
      Overweight 3,910.00 (41.93%) 427.00 (42.53%)
      Obese 2,033.00 (21.80%) 232.00 (23.11%)
      Ideal physical activity 0.146
      No 3,758.00 (40.30%) 429.00 (42.73%)
      Yes 5,566.00 (59.70%) 575.00 (57.27%)
      Sleep duration 7.00 (6.00, 8.00) 7.00 (6.00, 8.00) 0.995
      Smoking status 0.495
      Never 5,017.00 (53.81%) 556.00 (55.38%)
      Previous 3,258.00 (34.94%) 332.00 (33.07%)
      Current 1,049.00 (11.25%) 116.00 (11.55%)
      Drinking status 0.376
      Never 364.00 (3.90%) 43.00 (4.28%)
      Previous 336.00 (3.60%) 44.00 (4.38%)
      Current 8,624.00 (92.49%) 917.00 (91.33%)
      HBP 0.043
      No 7,090.00 (76.04%) 734.00 (73.11%)
      Yes 2,234.00 (23.96%) 270.00 (26.89%)
      Diabetes 0.405
      No 8,874.00 (95.17%) 949.00 (94.52%)
      Yes 450.00 (4.83%) 55.00 (5.48%)
      IOP 15.80 (13.80, 18.02) 15.96 (13.71, 18.18) 0.320
      MSE −2.18 (−3.72, −1.29) −2.85 (−4.87, −1.72) < 0.001
      BMI, body mass index; TDI, Townsend deprivation index; HBP, high blood pressure; IOP, intraocular pressure; MSE, mean spherical equivalent. Non-normally distributed variables are presented as median (interquartile range, IQR) and compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers (percentages) and compared using the χ2 test.

      Table 2. 

      Baseline characteristics of the participants between PR thickness profiles.

    • Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
      HR (95% CI) p-Value p-Value for interaction HR (95% CI) p-Value p-Value for interaction HR (95% CI) p-Value p-Value for interaction
      Overall 2.23 (1.35−3.68) 0.002 − 2.12 (1.28−3.50) 0.003 − 1.79 (1.07−2.99) 0.027 −
      Subgroup analysis
      Age group Middle-aged adults 2.30 (1.20−4.43) 0.012 0.818 2.23 (1.16−4.29) 0.017 0.807 2.10 (1.08−4.06) 0.028 0.712
      Older adults 2.05 (0.94−4.47) 0.070 1.99 (0.91−4.34) 0.083 1.89 (0.86−4.15) 0.114
      Gender Female 1.57 (0.61−4.00) 0.347 0.404 1.55 (0.61−3.96) 0.360 0.405 1.34 (0.51−3.51) 0.550 0.388
      Male 2.50 (1.37−4.55) 0.003 2.47 (1.35−4.50) 0.003 2.24 (1.22−4.10) 0.009
      Ethnicity Non-White 3.24 (0.63−16.72) 0.160 0.641 2.88 (0.56−14.94) 0.208 0.639 2.04 (0.37−11.29) 0.412 0.598
      White 2.16 (1.28−3.66) 0.004 2.06 (1.21−3.49) 0.007 1.88 (1.10−3.20) 0.021
      Ideal physical activity No 1.06 (0.37−2.98) 0.916 0.073 1.00 (0.35−2.83) 0.999 0.075 0.96 (0.34−2.73) 0.939 0.070
      Yes 3.15 (1.76−5.64) < 0.001 3.00 (1.68−5.39) < 0.001 2.65 (1.47−4.78) 0.001
      Sleep duration Long 2.98 (1.34−6.60) 0.007 0.377 2.69 (1.21−5.99) 0.015 0.392 2.50 (1.11−5.64) 0.027 0.370
      Short 1.88 (0.99−3.60) 0.055 1.84 (0.96−3.51) 0.067 1.68 (0.87−3.23) 0.120
      IOP High 1.54 (0.73−3.27) 0.255 0.150 1.44 (0.68−3.06) 0.340 0.141 1.36 (0.64−2.89) 0.426 0.190
      Low 3.24 (1.64−6.41) 0.001 3.19 (1.61−6.31) 0.001 2.66 (1.33−5.35) 0.006
      MSE High 2.16 (0.84−5.58) 0.112 0.918 2.13 (0.82−5.51) 0.120 0.894 2.04 (0.79−5.31) 0.142 0.822
      Low 2.04 (1.13−3.68) 0.018 1.88 (1.04−3.40) 0.038 1.84 (1.01−3.35) 0.045
      HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; IOP, intraocular pressure; MSE, mean spherical equivalent. Profile 1 PR thickness was set as the reference. In the subgroup analysis, sleep duration, IOP, and MSE were reorganized as binary variables based on the median levels of the participants.

      Table 3. 

      Associations between PR thickness profiles and the incidence of RD among individuals with myopia.