Figures (2)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      Cumulative hazards of cessation by country and gender.

    • Figure 2. 

      Cumulative hazard curves by country and sociocultural factors.

    • China South Korea t-test/Chi2
      n (%);
      mean (SD)      		 n (%);
      mean (SD)
      n 2,554 700
      Electronic tobacco 258.9, p < 0.001
      −Never used e-cigarettes 2,198 (93.4%) 505 (72.1%)
      −Previously used e-cigarettes 115 (4.9%) 108 (15.4%)
      −Currently using e-cigarettes 40 (1.7%) 87 (12.4%)
      Combustible tobacco 634.5, p < 0.001
      −Never smoked 2,288 (90.7%) 100 (72.4%)
      −Previously smoked 97 (3.8%) 93 (14.3%)
      −Currently smoking 138 (5.5%) 93 (13.3%)
      Age 18.37 (2.06) 22.98 (1.96) −54.5, p < 0.001
      Income (log standardized) 0.04 (1.01) −0.00 (1.0) 0.94, p = 0.350
      Male 1,205 (47.2%) 368 (52.6%) 6.18, p < 0.05
      Parental education 601.3, p < 0.001
      −Elementary school 160 (6.3%) 4 (0.6%)
      −Junior high 836 (33.0%) 4 (0.6%)
      −Senior high 827 (32.7%) 202 (28.9%)
      −Vocational school 279 (11.0%) 94 (13.4%)
      −University and above 428 (16.9%) 396 (56.6%)
      Authoritative belief 3.47 (0.86) 3.02 (0.71) 14.16, p < 0.001
      Gender ideology 1.75 (0.91) 1.93 (0.97) −4.41, p < 0.001
      Social trust (reverse) 2.92 (1.05) 3.79 (0.91) −21.64, p < 0.001

      Table 1. 

      Descriptive statistics of the full sample.

    • Survival time At risk Event (cessation) Net lost Survivor function SE
      China
      1 209 4 25 0.98 0.01
      2 180 12 30 0.91 0.02
      3 138 12 23 0.83 0.03
      4 103 3 33 0.81 0.03
      5 67 4 16 0.76 0.04
      6 47 2 10 0.73 0.04
      7 35 2 9 0.68 0.05
      8 24 2 4 0.63 0.06
      9 18 0 1 0.63 0.06
      10 17 1 5 0.59 0.07
      11 11 0 1 0.59 0.07
      12 10 0 1 0.59 0.07
      South Korea
      1 209 10 29 0.95 0.01
      2 170 9 24 0.90 0.02
      3 137 7 23 0.85 0.03
      4 107 6 27 0.80 0.03
      5 74 7 18 0.73 0.04
      6 49 2 23 0.70 0.04
      7 24 2 7 0.64 0.06
      8 15 0 4 0.64 0.06
      9 11 0 8 0.64 0.06
      10 3 0 1 0.64 0.06
      11 2 0 1 0.64 0.06
      12 1 0 1 0.64 0.06

      Table 2. 

      Kaplan–Meier survival estimates.

    • M1 M2 M3
      Hazard ratio SE p (rho) Hazard ratio SE p (rho) Hazard ratio SE p (rho)
      Korean 3.40 1.29*** 0.12 3.63 1.53** 0.19 2.33 3.13 0.79
      Male 0.80 0.21 0.80 0.87 0.24 0.72 0.79 0.22 0.98
      Age 0.78 0.05*** 0.13 0.81 0.05*** 0.03 0.81 0.05** 0.05
      Income 0.91 0.09 0.21 0.94 0.09 0.31
      Parental education 0.85 0.09 0.65 0.85 0.09 0.80
      Gender ideology 0.95 0.12 0.54 0.69 0.14 0.43
      Authoritative 0.92 0.13 0.09 1.16 0.21 0.05
      Social trust 0.97 0.11 0.31 0.88 0.13 0.18
      Gender ideo × Korean 2.08 0.54** 0.37
      Authoritative × Korean 0.46 0.14* 0.30
      Trust × Korean 1.42 0.32 0.35
      n 418 412 412
      n. event 85 85 85
      Time at risk 1,710 1,646 1,646
      Global proportional hazard test
      		0.46
      		0.25
      		0.34
      * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

      Table 3. 

      Cox proportional hazard models.