Figures (0)  Tables (2)
    • Overall Yes No p
      N 1,029 785 (76.3%) 244 (23.7%)
      Age
      40-44 543 (52.8) 416 (53.0) 127 (52.0) 0.853
      45-49 486 (47.2) 369 (47.0) 117 (48.0)
      Gender
      Female 540 (52.5) 409 (52.1) 131 (53.7) 0.719
      Male 489 (47.5) 376 (47.9) 113 (46.3)
      Marital status
      Unmarried/divorced 341 (33.1) 229 (29.2) 112 (45.9) < 0.001
      Married 688 (66.9) 556 (70.8) 132 (54.1)
      Employment status
      Full-time 920 (89.4) 717 (91.3) 203 (83.2) < 0.001
      Part-time/unemployed 109 (10.6) 68 (8.7) 41 (16.8)
      Monthly household income < 0.001
      HKD 0–19,999 240 (23.3) 162 (20.6) 78 (32.0)
      HKD 20,000–39,999 465 (45.2) 340 (43.3) 125 (51.2)
      HKD ≥ 40,000 324 (31.5) 283 (36.1) 41 (16.8)
      Educational level
      Secondary or under 242 (23.5) 159 (20.3) 83 (34.0) < 0.001
      Tertiary, non-degree 169 (16.4) 127 (16.2) 42 (17.2)
      Tertiary, degree or above 618 (60.1) 499 (63.6) 119 (48.8)
      Self-perceived health status
      Good 577 (56.1) 469 (59.7) 108 (44.3) < 0.001
      Poor 452 (43.9) 316 (40.3) 136 (55.7)
      Chronic disease
      No 477 (46.4) 339 (43.2) 138 (56.6) < 0.001
      Yes 552 (53.6) 446 (56.8) 106 (43.4)
      Smoking
      No 663 (64.4) 495 (63.1) 168 (68.9) 0.115
      Yes 366 (35.6) 290 (36.9) 76 (31.1)
      Alcohol consumption
      No 323 (31.4) 222 (28.3) 101 (41.4) < 0.001
      Yes 706 (68.6) 563 (71.7) 143 (58.6)
      Knowledge of CRC symptoms
      Low 572 (55.6) 425 (54.1) 147 (60.2) 0.109
      High 457 (44.4) 360 (45.9) 97 (39.8)
      Knowledge of CRC risk factors
      Low 548 (53.3) 407 (51.8) 141 (57.8) 0.121
      High 481 (46.7) 378 (48.2) 103 (42.2)
      Knowledge of CRC screening methods
      Low 681 (66.2) 502 (63.9) 179 (73.4) 0.008
      High 348 (33.8) 283 (36.1) 65 (26.6)
      Perceived susceptibility
      Low 532 (51.7) 387 (49.3) 145 (59.4) 0.007
      High 497 (48.3) 398 (50.7) 99 (40.6)
      Perceived benefits of FIT
      Low 768 (74.6) 557 (71.0) 211 (86.5) < 0.001
      High 261 (25.4) 228 (29.0) 33 (13.5)
      Perceived physical and psychological barriers to FIT
      Low 632 (61.4) 493 (62.8) 139 (57.0) 0.119
      High 397 (38.6) 292 (37.2) 105 (43.0)
      Perceived access barrier to FIT
      Low 641 (62.3) 488 (62.2) 153 (62.7) 0.939
      High 388 (37.7) 297 (37.8) 91 (37.3)
      Perceived benefits of colonoscopy
      Low 679 (66.0) 475 (60.5) 204 (83.7) < 0.001
      High 350 (34.0) 310 (39.5) 40 (16.4)
      Perceived physical and psychological barriers to colonoscopy
      Low 581 (56.5) 447 (56.9) 134 (54.9) 0.629
      High 448 (43.5) 338 (43.1) 110 (45.1)
      Perceived access barrier to colonoscopy
      Low 585 (56.9) 439 (55.9) 146 (59.8) 0.315
      High 444 (43.1) 346 (44.1) 98 (40.2)
      Self-efficacy
      Low 731 (71.0) 511 (65.1) 220 (90.2) < 0.001
      High 298 (29.0) 274 (34.9) 24 (9.8)
      Cues to action
      Low 568 (55.2) 369 (47.0) 199 (81.6) < 0.001
      High 461 (44.8) 416 (53.0) 45 (18.4)
      Perceived severity
      Low 563 (54.7) 407 (51.8) 156 (63.9) 0.001
      High 466 (45.3) 378 (48.2) 88 (36.1)
      FIT: Fecal immunochemical test. 'Yes'/'N' indicates participants' willingness to undergo colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. 'Low'/'High' categories are based on the median values for each dimension of the Health Belief Model (HBM). Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).

      Table 1. 

      Participant characteristics by willingness to participate in CRC screening.

    • Crude OR (95% CI) p-Value Adjusted OR (95% CI) p-Value
      Age 40−44 ref 0.796 ref 0.72
      45−49 0.963 (0.722−1.284) 0.942 (0.679−1.306)
      Gender Male ref 0.665 ref 0.1
      Female 0.938 (0.704−1.251) 1.334 (0.946−1.881)
      Marital status Unmarried/divorced ref < 0.001 ref 0.032
      Married 2.060 (1.534−2.767) 1.447 (1.033−2.028)
      Employment status Part-time/unemployed ref < 0.001 ref 0.033
      Full-time 2.130 (1.402−3.234) 1.737 (1.046−2.882)
      Monthly household income HKD 0–19,999 ref ref
      HKD 20,000–39,999 1.310 (0.933−1.838) 0.119 0.939 (0.611−1.445) 0.775
      HKD ≥ 40,000 3.323 (2.174−5.081) < 0.001 1.686 (0.956−2.972) 0.071
      Educational level Secondary or under ref ref
      Tertiary, non-degree 1.578 (1.018−2.447) 0.041 1.199 (0.721−1.992) 0.484
      Tertiary, degree or above 2.189 (1.570−3.052) < 0.001 1.304 (0.847−2.007) 0.228
      Self-perceived health status Good ref < 0.001 ref 0.007
      Poor 0.535 (0.400−0.715) 0.615 (0.433−0.873)
      Chronic disease No ref < 0.001 ref 0.006
      Yes 1.713 (1.282−2.289) 1.619 (1.146−2.287)
      Smoking No ref 0.099 ref 0.846
      Yes 1.295 (0.952−1.761) 1.040 (0.701−1.543)
      Alcohol consumption No ref < 0.001 ref 0.102
      Yes 1.791 (1.329−2.414) 1.349 (0.942−1.930)
      Knowledge of CRC symptoms Low ref 0.094 ref 0.84
      High 1.284 (0.958−1.720) 0.963 (0.668−1.388)
      Knowledge of CRC risk factors Low ref 0.105 ref 0.642
      High 1.271 (0.951−1.699) 1.092 (0.754−1.579)
      Knowledge of CRC screening methods Low ref 0.007 ref 0.905
      High 1.552 (1.128−2.136) 1.023 (0.702−1.491)
      Perceived susceptibility Low ref 0.006 ref 0.051
      High 1.506 (1.126−2.016) 1.420 (0.999−2.019)
      Perceived benefits of FIT Low ref < 0.001 ref 0.361
      High 2.617 (1.758−3.896) 0.778 (0.455−1.333)
      Perceived physical and psychological barriers to FIT Low ref 0.102 ref 0.049
      High 0.784 (0.586−1.05) 0.697 (0.487−0.999)
      Perceived access barrier to FIT Low ref 0.879 ref 0.762
      High 1.023 (0.76−1.377) 1.068 (0.698−1.636)
      Perceived benefits of colonoscopy Low ref < 0.001 ref 0.026
      High 3.328 (2.304−4.809) 1.733 (1.069−2.811)
      Perceived physical and psychological barriers to colonoscopy Low ref 0.577 ref 0.012
      High 0.921 (0.69−1.23) 0.640 (0.452−0.907)
      Perceived access barrier to colonoscopy Low ref 0.281 ref 0.572
      High 1.174 (0.877−1.573) 1.126 (0.746−1.698)
      Self-efficacy Low ref < 0.001 ref < 0.001
      High 4.915 (3.146−7.679) 2.628 (1.572−4.394)
      Cues to action Low ref < 0.001 ref < 0.001
      High 4.985 (3.504−7.093) 3.217 (2.185−4.737)
      Perceived severity Low ref 0.001 ref 0.488
      High 1.646 (1.224−2.215) 1.132 (0.797−1.609)
      'Yes'/'No' indicates participants' willingness to undergo colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. 'Low'/'High' classifications are determined based on median values for each dimension of the Health Belief Model (HBM). Variables: As defined in Table 1. Outcome: Participation willingness = 1. Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05). CI: confidence interval. FIT: fecal immunochemical test. OR: odds ratio.

      Table 2. 

      Factors associated with willingness to participate in CRC screening: univariable and multivariable logistic regression.