Figures (1)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      Collage of macrofungal fruiting bodies that commonly serve as substrates for myxomycetes in forest detritus. (a) Fomitopsis betulina. (b) Fomitopsis pinicola. (c) Hypoxylon sp. (d) Ganoderma applanatum. (e) Phaeolus schweinitzii. (f) Phlebia radiata.

    • Macrofungus partner Myxomycetes reported Association class Association substrate/context Ref.
      Aphyllophoroid basidiomycetes Arcyria denudata; Hemitrichia calyculata Adjacent substrate Wood near polyporoid basidiomata [22]
      Armillaria mellea Arcyria denudata Adjacent substrate Wood near rhizomorphs [23]
      Bjerkandera adusta Diachea leucopodia Fruiting body; adjacent substrate On basidiomata; adjacent wood near basidiomata [24,25]
      Calocera cornea Hemitrichia clavata; Hemitrichia decipiens Adjacent substrate Woody twigs near basidiomata [2]
      Cantharellus cibarius Diderma rufostriatum Fruiting body On basidiomata [26]
      Clavicorona pyxidata Fuligo septica Adjacent substrate Co-occurring on the same decaying wood substrate; myxomycete sporocarps not reported on basidiomata [27]
      Corticium pubescens Enteridium variabile Adjacent substrate Co-occurring on the same deadwood substrate; myxomycete sporocarps not reported on basidiomata [28]
      Corticium sp. Physarum album Fruiting body; adjacent substrate On basidiomata; adjacent wood in the same corticioid context [24,25]
      Cortinarius caperatus Leocarpus fragilis Fruiting body On fruiting bodies [29]
      Cytidia salicina Badhamia utricularis Fruiting body On living basidiomata [27]
      Daedaleopsis confragosa Badhamia macrocarpos; Fuligo cinerea Fruiting body Hymenophores of old basidiomata [30]
      Discina sp. Polyschismium carestianum Fruiting body On apothecial surface/snow-edge context (as reported) [31]
      Fomes fomentarius Arcyria denudata; Comatricha laxa; Fuligo cinerea; Hemitrichia leiotricha; Oligonema favogineum; Hemitrichia decipiens; Trichia scabra; Trichia varia Fruiting body; adjacent substrate On senescent basidiomata and on adjacent decayed wood in the same deadwood units (species-level reports) [2,30,32−34]
      Fomitopsis betulina Licea minima; Nannengaella globulifera; Oligonema affine Fruiting body Pore layer/fruiting bodies of decaying basidiomata [27,35,36]
      Ganoderma applanatum Arcyria denudata; Comatricha pulchella; Lycogala epidendrum; Licea glomerulifera; Nannengaella globulifera Fruiting body; adjacent substrate On basidiomata and on adjacent decayed wood (species-level reports) [2,24,25,37]
      Gloeophyllum abietinum Diderma umbilicatum Fruiting body On basidiomata [38]
      Hypholoma fasciculare Physarum psittacinum Fruiting body; adjacent substrate On living fruiting bodies; woody debris near basidiomata [27]
      Hypoxylon sp. Craterium minutum Fruiting body On stromata [39]
      Lenzites abietina Stemonitis splendens Fruiting body On basidiomata [28]
      Mycena renati Stemonitis fusca Fruiting body On basidiomata [40,41]
      Phaeolus schweinitzii Didymium nigripes Adjacent substrate On root-associated substrates where Phaeolus fruiting bodies occur (as reported) [27]
      Phellinus igniarius Arcyria denudata Fruiting body On old/decaying basidiomata [24,25]
      Phellinus sp. Stemonitopsis typhina Fruiting body On fruiting bodies [42]
      Phlebia radiata Badhamia utricularis Fruiting body On living basidiomata [27]
      Piptoporus populinus Collaria arcyrionema Fruiting body On basidiomata [43]
      Pleurotus sp. Didymium clavus Fruiting body Hymenophores of old basidiomata [30]
      Pluteus cervinus Trichia varia Fruiting body On basidiomata [40,41]
      Rigidoporus crocatus Stemonitopsis aequalis Fruiting body; adjacent substrate On basidiomata on a decaying log; coarse woody debris near basidiomata [26]
      Scutellinia sp. Stemonitis fusca Fruiting body On apothecial surface [42]
      Trametes betulina Arcyria denudata Fruiting body On basidiomata [44]
      Trametes hirsuta Badhamia utricularis Fruiting body On basidiomata [45]
      Trametes sp. Trichia persimilis Adjacent substrate Wood near polyporoid basidiomata [46]
      Tremella sp. Badhamia macrocarpos Fruiting body Living and dead basidiomata [46]
      Xylaria polymorpha; Xylaria longipes Lycogala epidendrum; Physarum melleum; Stemonitis fusca; Trichia varia Adjacent substrate Coarse woody debris with stromata (as reported) [2,47]

      Table 1. 

      Forest field records of myxomycetes associated with macrofungal fruiting bodies or fungus-structured detrital microhabitats.

    • Cultivated macrofungus (crop) Myxomycetes reported Where observed Reported outcome Ref.
      Pholiota nameko Badhamia utricularis Fruiting bodies and primordia Wilting/rotting/partial lysis; life cycle completed on mushrooms; Koch's postulates reported as fulfilled in the underlying cultivation studies [12]
      Pleurotus ostreatus Badhamia utricularis Fruiting bodies and primordia Wilting/rotting/partial lysis; life cycle completed on mushrooms; Koch's postulates reported as fulfilled in the underlying cultivation studies [12]
      Auricularia spp. Trichamphora pezizoidea (reported as Physarum pezizoides/pezizoideum in cultivation literature) Fruiting bodies Lysis; extracellular enzymes proposed as contributors to tissue deterioration (as reported) [10,12]
      Pleurotus (controlled indoor cultures) Stemonitis herbatica; Physarum compressum Substrate and fruiting bodies Sporocarps formed on Pleurotus; development recorded in a controlled indoor setting [13]
      Multiple cultivated mushrooms (reported) Multiple myxomycete taxa Fruiting bodies and/or cultivation substrate Production impacts reported; includes damage and competitive surface 'weed' effects [15]

      Table 2. 

      Cultivation/managed systems: records of myxomycetes associated with cultivated macrofungi.

    • Myxomycete taxon Fungal taxon/substrate Evidence type Main finding Ref.
      Badhamia utricularis Stereum hirsutum (basidioma pieces/extracts; mycelium) Attraction/chemotaxis Attraction to basidioma material/extracts and mycelium extracts demonstrated [17]
      Badhamia utricularis Stereum hirsutum (basidioma tissue) Observational lysis report Lysis/liquefaction of fungal tissue reported [16,48]
      Unspecified myxomycete plasmodia Multiple fungal mycelia (including some macrofungus-relevant taxa) Feeding/digestion assays Digestion/assimilation reported, with differential susceptibility among fungi [11]
      Enteridium variabile (reported as Licea flexuosa in source literature; mucous secretions/aqueous extracts) Cladosporium herbarum; Penicillium sp. (in vitro) Growth inhibition assays (in vitro) Secretions/extracts reported to inhibit growth of filamentous fungi in vitro; ecological relevance remains uncertain [18]

      Table 3. 

      Direct experimental and mechanistic evidence relevant to myxomycete interactions with fungi in macrofungal systems.