Figures (2)  Tables (2)

    • Figure 1. 

      Distribution years from T1DM diagnosis to CeD diagnosis.

    • Figure 2. 

      HbA1c trends over time in children with type 1 diabetes (DM1) according to celiac serology status.

    • Comparison Group 1 (CeD + DM1)
      n = 113      		 Group 2 (transient serology and DM1) n = 15 Group 3 (one-time positive serology and DM1) n = 8 p-value
      TTG0 mean (baseline) (× ULN) 9.38 (SD ± 14.84) 4.3 (SD ± 5.1) 1.83 (SD ± 0.9) p < 0.01
      EMA positive, n (%) 86, (76.4%) 10, (66.6%) 2, (25.0%) p < 0.01
      Biopsy performed, n (%) 101, (89.8%) 6, (40.0%) 1, (12.5%) p < 0.01
      TTG1 mean (follow-up while on GCD) 9.00 (SD ± 9.62) 4.9 (SD ± 5.09) 3.8 (SD ± 0.9) p < 0.05
      HbA1c at diagnosis (%) 11.34 (SD ± 2.35) 10.8 (SD ± 2.28) 10.6 (SD ± 2.95) p <0.01
      HbA1c at 1 year (%) 7.58(SD ± 1.00) 7.52 (SD ± 1.22) 7.49 (SD ± 1.20) p <0.01
      HbA1c at 2 years (%) 7.73(SD ± 1.01) 7.64 (SD ± 1. 7) 7.61 (SD ± 0.5) p <0.01
      Gastrointestinal symptoms, n (%) 32, (28.3%) 0, (0%) 0, (0%) p < 0.01
      Female, n (%) 67, (59.3%) 9, (60.0%) 3, (37.5%) p = 0.729
      Autoimmune markers, n (%) 108, (95.3%) 15, (100%) 7, (87.5%) p = 0.42
      Family Hx of CeD, n (%) 11, (9.7%) 1, (6.7%) 0, (0.0%) p = 0.43
      Family Hx of T1DM, n (%) 19, (16.8%) 0, (0.0%) 1, (12.5%) p = 0.23
      CeD, celiac disease; DM1, type 1 diabetes mellitus; TTG0, tissue transglutaminase antibody at baseline; SD, standard deviation; EMA, endomysial antibodies; TTG1, tissue transglutaminase antibody at follow-up; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; M/F, male/female; Hx, history; GCD, gluten-containing diet.

      Table 1. 

      Group comparisons.

    • Comparison CeD before T1DM CeD after T1DM p-value
      GI symptoms at CeD diagnosis, n (%) 14/20 (70.0%) 18/91 (19.8%) 0.001
      EMA positivity, n (%) 5/10 (50.0%) 5/54 (9.3%) 0.001
      Thyroglobulin antibody positivity, n (%) 2/19 (10.5%) 0/87 (0.0%) 0.002
      Insulin autoantibody positivity, n (%) 4/19 (21.1%) 40/87 (46.0%) 0.046
      Liver function test abnormalities, n (%) 0/21 (0.0%) 2/92 (2.2%) 1.000 (NS)
      Family history of CeD or T1DM, n (%) 8/21 (38.1%) 25/91 (27.5%) 0.33 (NS)
      HbA1c at 1 year post-T1DM diagnosis, n (%) Higher Lower 0.02
      HbA1c at 2 years post-T1DM diagnosis, n (%) Higher Lower 0.008
      Microvascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy) None observed in either group None observed in either group N/A
      Bold values are to indicate statistically significant p-values. CeD, celiac disease; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; GI, gastrointestinal; EMA, endomysial antibodies; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; NS, not significant; N/A, not applicable.

      Table 2. 

      Clinical and laboratory differences between patients diagnosed with CeD before vs after T1DM.