Figures (2)  Tables (3)

    • Figure 1. 

      Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram depicting study participation.

    • Figure 2. 

      Participants' feedback about the RPM and video interventions. * Between-arm comparison was performed using the χ2-test for this and all other responses. No other p-values < 0.05.

    • Usual care (n = 20) RPM (n = 23) Video (n = 22) Total (N = 65) p-Value
      Age (years), mean (SD) 14.6 (2.8) 12.5 (3.3) 13.2 (3.1) 13.4 (3.2) 0.1121
      Female gender, n (%) 5 (25%) 14 (60.9%) 9 (40.9%) 28 (43.1%) 0.0592
      Race, n (%) 0.6702
      Asian 0 (0%) 1 (4.3%) 0 (0%) 1 (1.5%)
      Black or African American 2 (10%) 2 (8.7%) 4 (18.2%) 8 (12.3%)
      Other/unknown 3 (15%) 5 (21.7%) 7 (31.8%) 15 (23.1%)
      Two or more races 3 (15%) 2 (8.7%) 1 (4.5%) 6 (9.2%)
      White 12 (60%) 13 (56.5%) 10 (45.5%) 35 (53.8%)
      Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, n (%) 7 (35%) 3 (13%) 7 (31.8%) 17 (26.2%) 0.2002
      Public insurance, n (%) 12 (60%) 10 (43.5%) 15 (68.2%) 37 (56.9%) 0.2332
      Miles from clinic, mean (SD) 51.2 (54.9) 85.7 (84.9) 83.1 (104.6) 74.2 (84.8) 0.4111
      T1D duration (years), mean (SD) 5.9 (4.3) 6.1 (4.2) 5.5 (3.6) 5.8 (4.0) 0.9631
      CGM use, n (%) 20 (100%) 23 (100%) 21 (95.5%) 64 (98.5%) 0.3712
      Insulin pump use, n (%) 15 (75%) 20 (87%) 15 (68.2%) 50 (76.9%) 0.3182
      Baseline HbA1c (%), mean (SD) 9.9 (2.0) 9.9 (1.9) 9.4 (1.3) 9.7 (1.7) 0.6901
      Baseline 30-day TIR (%), mean (SD)3 38.9 (14.1) 35.7 (15.3) 34.3 (12.5) 36.2 (13.9) 0.4411
      Baseline pump TDD, mean (SD)4 1.0 (0.28) 1.1 (0.35) 1.0 (0.37) 1.0 (0.33) 0.4451
      1 Kruskal–Wallis p-value; 2 χ2 p-value; 3 Data only available for n = 53; 4 Data only available for n = 37. SD, standard deviation; RPM, remote patient monitoring; T1D, type 1 diabetes; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TIR, time in range 70−180 mg/dL; TDD, total daily insulin dose in units per kg of body weight.

      Table 1. 

      The study population's characteristics.

    • Visit metrics Video RPM p-value1
      Mean (SD), min 29.8 (10.9) 17.2 (12.1) < 0.001
      Topics covered
      Insulin doses 51% 55% 0.495
      Diabetes skills/behaviors 89% 68% 0.001
      Diabetes technology use 78% 52% <0.001
      Emotional support 34% 10% <0.001
      Recommendations used 0.008
      All 13% 13%
      Some 65% 42%
      None 22% 45%
      1 p-values using the t-test or χ2-test, as appropriate

      Table 2. 

      Clinician-reported data from study encounters.

    • Measured mean
      HbA1c (%)      		 Mean diabetes visits in
      the prior 6 months      		 Mean SEDM1-
      youth score      		 Mean SEDM1-
      parent score      		 Mean PAID2-
      youth score      		 Mean PAID2-
      parent score
      VIDEO Baseline 9.40 1.68 6.10 7.80 38.50 39.50
      Final 8.80 1.36 6.70 8.20 38.00 39.60
      Δ −0.53 −0.32 0.64 0.82 3.54 3.40
      (95% CI) (−0.93, –0.12) (−0.73, 0.10) (−1.03, 2.30) (−0.83, 2.48) (−10.91, 17.98) (−14.92, 21.71)
      p-value 0.01 0.13 0.41 0.30 0.60 0.69
      Outcome compared with usual care3 −1.00 −0.50 0.40 0.10 4.20 −1.40
      (95% CI) (−2.07, 0.06) (−1.05, 0.03) (−0.82, 1.60) (−1.15, 1.33) (−13.72, 22.07) (−20.57, 17.78)
      p-value 0.06 0.04 0.52 0.88 0.64 0.88
      RPM Baseline 9.90 1.70 6.30 7.80 37.20 47.90
      Final 9.60 1.96 6.70 7.80 30.90 49.30
      Δ −0.43 0.26 0.56 −0.20 −6.70 0.28
      (95% CI) (−1.23, 0.38) (−0.16, 0.68) (−0.35, 1.48) (−0.94, 0.55) (−18.62, 5.22) (−10.49, 11.06)
      p-value 0.28 0.21 0.21 0.58 0.24 0.96
      Outcome compared with usual care3 −0.10 0.20 0.60 −0.30 −8.90 3.60
      (95% CI) (−1.21, 1.04) (−0.35, 0.74) (−0.55, 1.79) (−1.56, 0.89) (−26.49, 8.66) (−15.85, 23.14)
      p-value 0.88 0.47 0.29 0.58 0.31 0.71
      Usual care Baseline 9.90 1.55 6.30 8.00 47.50 49.10
      Final 9.80 1.74 6.50 8.40 33.10 42.70
      Δ −0.05 0.21 0.15 0.56 −10.86 −8.39
      (95% CI) (−0.81, 0.72) (−0.44, 0.86) (−0.78, 1.09) (−0.12, 1.25) (−22.40, 0.67) (−20.54, 3.75)
      p-value 0.90 0.51 0.73 0.10 0.06 0.16
      1 Mean per item score on a 10-point scale; 2 Total score on a 100-point scale; 3 ANCOVA comparison of the final values wth adjustment for baseline values, age, gender, race/ethnicity, insurance type, and baseline pump use.

      Table 3. 

      Within-arm and between-arm comparisons of changes in continuous study outcomes.