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Figure 1. 

Estimated heritability of leaf metabolites in apple seedlings. Refer to Table 1 for metabolite abbreviations.

Figure 2. 

Heritability of the apple fruit traits (SIZE: fruit size, EQUAL: overall eating quality, SWEET: sweetness, ASTR: astringency, SOUR: sourness, AA-2βG: ascorbyl 2-beta-glucoside, Tb: trilobatin).

Figure 3. 

Genetic correlation between apple leaf metabolites (y-axis) and apple fruit traits (x-axis). Significance levels of correlation coefficients: *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. Refer to Table 1 for metabolite abbreviations.

Figure 4. 

Clustering pattern of apple seedlings from different families based on (a) SNP markers, and (b) leaf-derived secondary metabolites.

Figure 5. 

Proportion of phenotypic variance in apple fruit traits captured by different kernels in the dual-kernel model analyses. (GRM: genomic relationship matrix, MRM: leaf metabolites relationship matrix, Er: error variance).

Figure 6. 

Accuracy of genomic predictions in apple using models incorporating genomic relationship matrix (GRM), leaf metabolites relationship matrix (MRM), and GRM + MRM (G_M).

Figure 7. 

Schematic presentation of the phenomic and genomic selection scheme for shortening the apple Stage 1 seedling evaluation cycle. GEBV: genomic estimated breeding value; PEBV: phenomic estimated breeding value.