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Figure 1. 

Phylogenetic tree of small GTPases in P. glaucum and O. sativa. The colors green, pink, yellow, red, and blue represent Rab, Ran, Arf/Sar, uSGTPase, and Rho.

Figure 2. 

Gene structures and conserved motifs of small GTPases in pearl millet. (a) Phylogenetic analysis of small GTPases. The colors green, pink, yellow, red, and blue represent the Rab, Ran, Arf/Sar, uSGTPase, and Rho subfamilies. (b) Identification of conserved motifs in each subfamily protein. (c) Analysis of gene structure of all the small GTPase genes.

Figure 3. 

Chromosomal distribution and gene duplication of small GTPases in pearl millet. (a) Chromosomal locations and syntenic relationships of small GTPase genes. (b) Numbers of tandem and segmental duplications. (c) Ka/Ks ratios of duplicated gene pairs.

Figure 4. 

Synteny analysis among P. glaucum, B. distachyon, A. thaliana, Z. mays, and O. sativa. Red lines indicate collinear pairs of small GTPase genes.

Figure 5. 

Analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements in small GTPase gene promoters. Cis-elements identified in the 2.0 kb upstream region of small GTPase genes are shown, indicating potential regulatory roles in abiotic and biotic stress responses.

Figure 6. 

Expression of small GTPase family genes in response to salt, heat, and drought stress. (a) Expression of small GTPases under salt stress. (b) Expression of small GTPases under heat stress. (c) Expression of small GTPases under drought stress.

Figure 7. 

GO and KEGG analysis of 63 stress-responsive small GTPase genes in pearl millet. (a) GO analysis. (b) KEGG analysis.

Figure 8. 

Expression levels of eight small GTPase genes in pearl millet under salt, heat, and drought stress. Statistical significance was determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; p < 0.05), with significant differences indicated by different lowercase letters. Yellow, purple, and green represent salt, heat, and drought stress, respectively.