Back Article

Figure 1. 

Conceptual framework for integrated multipathogen surveillance in aquatic environments. Parallel fiberoptic sensors functionalized with different nanobodies may provide a rapid first-line screening approach for multiple predefined pathogen targets. Signals requiring further evaluation may subsequently be examined using functional nucleic acid probes integrated with microfluidic platforms as a more specific secondary analytical layer. Practical online surveillance additionally requires appropriate sample acquisition and pretreatment, data interpretation, and operational stability. Culture-based, molecular, or sequencing-based methods may be used for additional confirmation or characterization when required.