Figures (7)  Tables (1)

    • Figure 1. 

      Caulerpa lentillifera.

    • Figure 2. 

      Sequential antibacterial mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides, polyphenols, and caulerpin derived from C. lentillifera.

    • Figure 3. 

      Sequential antiviral mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides from C. lentillifera.

    • Figure 4. 

      Sequential antioxidant mechanisms of flavonoids, phenolics, siphonaxanthin, sulfated polysaccharides, and vitamin C from C. lentillifera.

    • Figure 5. 

      Sequential anti-inflammatory mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides and phenolic compounds from C. lentillifera.

    • Figure 6. 

      Sequential anticancer mechanisms of siphonaxanthin, caulerpin and sulfated polysaccharides from C. lentillifera.

    • Figure 7. 

      Sequential antidiabetic mechanisms of sulfated polysaccharides and polyphenols from C. lentillifera.

    • Bioactive compound Chemical structure Bioactivity Mechanism of action Ref.
      Sulfated polysaccharide Antimicrobial
      		 Disrupts microbial cell membrane permeability, leading to cell apoptosis. [1,5]
      Binds to the S glycoprotein to prevent SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry. [11]
      Inhibits adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastric mucosa and disrupts bacterial colonization. [12]
      Antidiabetic Inhibits α-glucosidase enzyme activity. [13]
      Anti-inflammatory Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulates immune responses to reduce inflammation. [1,14]
      Siphonaxanthin Anticancer
      		 Induces apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells by downregulating Bcl-2 expression. [6]
      Antioxidant Scavenges free radicals and reduces oxidative stress. [1,15]
      Caulerpin Anticancer Inhibits invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells and induces apoptosis. [16]
      Polysaccharide Anticancer Inhibits colon cancer cell growth and regulates amino acid levels via aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. [17]
      Polyphenols
      		Antimicrobial Disrupts microbial cell membrane function, causing apoptosis. [1]
      Lipopolysaccharide Anti-inflammatory Inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and inflammatory mediators (COX-2, PGE2, NO). [18]
      Flavonoids
      		Antioxidant Scavenges free radicals and reduces oxidative stress. [1]
      Vitamin C Antioxidant Neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS), protects lipids, proteins, and DNA from oxidative damage. [1,5]

      Table 1. 

      Bioactive compounds from C. lentillifera.