Nutritional profile of <i>Pyrus pyrifolia</i> (Burm.f.) Nakai: organ-specific variation

Figures (3) Tables (4)

Figure 1.
Morphological characteristics and analyzed organs of P. pyrifolia: (a) leaves; (b) tree; (c) fruit; (d) fruit pulp in longitudinal section; (e) fruit pulp in transverse section; and (f) seeds (photo: Goncharovska). Scale bars: (a) 5 cm; (b) 50 cm; (c)–(e) 2 cm; (f) 1 cm.
Figure 2.
Principal component analysis (PCA) of different organs of P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai.
Figure 3.
Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of different organs of P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai.

Component	Leaves	Seed	Pulp	Peel
Dry matter (%)	35.2 ± 2.5^b	90.4 ± 4.0^a	13.6 ± 1.2^c	20.1 ± 1.5^c
Protein (%)	14.8 ± 1.2^b	22.6 ± 1.5^a	4.2 ± 0.4^c	7.5 ± 0.6^c
Ash (%)	10.3 ± 0.8^a	4.1 ± 0.5^b	2.4 ± 0.3^c	5.2 ± 0.5^b
Fat (%)	4.2 ± 0.4^b	26.8 ± 2.0^a	0.50 ± 0.05^c	1.6 ± 0.2^c
Fructose (g/kg)	18.4 ± 1.6^b	6.2 ± 0.7^c	72.5 ± 5.0^a	34.1 ± 3.0^b
Maltose (g/kg)	6.3 ± 0.6^b	3.1 ± 0.3^c	12.4 ± 1.0^a	8.2 ± 0.8^b
Sucrose (g/kg)	14.8 ± 1.5^b	5.4 ± 0.5^c	38.6 ± 3.0^a	22.3 ± 2.0^b
β-Carotene (g/kg)	0.06 ± 0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.001^b	0.02 ± 0.003^c	0.05 ± 0.01^ab
Vitamin A (retinol acetate) (g/kg)	72.4 ± 5.5^a	64.8 ± 4.5^a	6.9 ± 0.7^c	15.3 ± 1.5^b
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate) (g/kg)	20.4 ± 1.8^b	14.2 ± 1.2^c	27.6 ± 2.0^a	22.3 ± 1.9^b
Saturated fatty acids (g/100 g)	30.6 ± 2.5^b	50.1 ± 4.0^a	35.2 ± 3.0^b	40.5 ± 3.2^ab
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/100 g)	41.2 ± 3.5^a	30.4 ± 2.8^b	31.8 ± 2.5^b	29.1 ± 2.5^b
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/100 g)	35.2 ± 2.5^b	90.4 ± 4.0^a	13.6 ± 1.2^c	20.1 ± 1.5^c
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Different letters within the same column indicate statistically significant differences among mean values according to Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Table 1.

Content of nutritional profile in different organs of P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai.

Component (g/kg)	Leaves	Seed	Pulp	Peel
Alanine	8.20 ± 0.8^a	15.40 ± 1.3^b	2.10 ± 0.3^c	4.30 ± 0.3^c
Arginine	9.80 ± 1.0^a	28.60 ± 2.8^b	1.90 ± 0.1^c	5.10 ± 0.3^c
Glycine	7.10 ± 0.7^a	12.30 ± 1.1^b	1.50 ± 0.1^c	3.60 ± 0.2^c
Histidine	3.90 ± 0.3^a	6.80 ± 0.8^b	0.90 ± 0.06^c	2.10 ± 0.05^c
Isoleucine	5.40 ± 0.4^a	9.70 ± 0.8^b	1.20 ± 0.1^c	2.80 ± 0.06^c
Glutamic acid	21.50 ± 2.0^a	42.10 ± 3.1^b	6.30 ± 0.4^c	11.40 ± 1.7^c
Leucine	9.20 ± 0.6^a	16.80 ± 1.6^b	2.40 ± 0.01^c	5.20 ± 0.3^c
Lysine	8.60 ± 0.9^a	14.20 ± 1.2^b	1.80 ± 0.02^c	4.10 ± 0.3^c
Phenylalanine	6.30 ± 0.5^a	11.50 ± 0.7^b	1.40 ± 0.02^c	3.20 ± 0.2^c
Proline	10.40 ± 1.1^a	18.90 ± 1.4^b	3.10 ± 0.2^c	6.80 ± 0.3^c
Serine	6.80 ± 0.5^a	13.20 ± 1.2^b	1.70 ± 0.04^c	3.90 ± 0.3^c
Threonine	5.10 ± 0.4^a	9.40 ± 0.6^b	1.30 ± 0.01^c	2.90 ± 0.2^c
Tyrosine	4.60 ± 0.4^a	8.30 ± 0.4^b	1.10 ± 0.06^c	2.60 ± 0.2^c
Total	106.90	187.30	28.80	58.00
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Different letters within the same column indicate statistically significant differences among mean values according to Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Table 2.

Amino acid composition in different organs of P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai.

Fatty acid (g/100 g)	Leaves	Seed	Pulp	Peel
Caprylic acid C8:0	0.20 ± 0.01^a	0.10 ± 0.001^b	0.30 ± 0.02^a	0.20 ± 0.01^a
Capric acid C10:0	0.30 ± 0.02^a	0.20 ± 0.01^b	0.40 ± 0.02^a	0.30 ± 0.01^a
Lauric acid C12:0	0.60 ± 0.03^a	0.40 ± 0.02^b	0.80 ± 0.04^a	0.50 ± 0.03^a
Myristic acid C14:0	1.20 ± 0.08^a	0.90 ± 0.05^b	1.50 ± 0.05^a	1.10 ± 0.04^a
Palmitic acid C16:0	15.40 ± 1.12^a	9.80 ± 0.65^b	18.20 ± 1.17^a	16.10 ± 0.37^a
Heptadecanoic acid C17:0	0.40 ± 0.02^a	0.30 ± 0.01^b	0.50 ± 0.03^a	0.40 ± 0.01^a
Stearic acid C18:0	4.60 ± 0.21^a	3.20 ± 0.12^b	5.10 ± 0.36^a	4.80 ± 0.18^a
Arachidic acid C20:0	0.80 ± 0.04^a	0.60 ± 0.02^b	0.90 ± 0.05^a	0.70 ± 0.04^ab
Behenic acid C22:0	0.60 ± 0.04^a	0.50 ± 0.02^b	0.70 ± 0.04^a	0.60 ± 0.02^a
Lignoceric acid C24:0	0.50 ± 0.02^a	0.40 ± 0.03^b	0.60 ± 0.03^a	0.50 ± 0.02^a
SFAs	24.6	16.4	29.0	25.2
Palmitoleic acid C16:1	3.10 ± 0.19^a	2.60 ± 0.19^b	3.80 ± 0.22^a	3.40 ± 0.21^ab
Oleic acid C18:1	29.80 ± 2.15^a	48.90 ± 3.34^b	32.40 ± 2.11^a	36.20 ± 2.12^a
Tetracosenoic acid C24:1	0.70 ± 0.06^a	0.60 ± 0.02^ab	0.80 ± 0.03^a	0.70 ± 0.04^a
Eicosenoic acid C20:1	1.10 ± 0.09^a	0.90 ± 0.05^b	1.20 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.07^ab
Erucic acid C22:1	0.90 ± 0.04^a	0.70 ± 0.03^b	1.00 ± 0.05^a	0.80 ± 0.05^ab
MUFAs	36.4	54.3	40.1	42.9
Linoleic acid C18:2	23.60 ± 2.14^a	26.40 ± 2.23^a	21.30 ± 1.10^b	20.10 ± 1.04^b
Linolenic acid C18:3	12.40 ± 1.07^a	5.80 ± 0.46^c	10.20 ± 1.01^b	8.90 ± 0.54^b
Arachidonic acid C20:4	0.40 ± 0.02^a	0.30 ± 0.02^b	0.50 ± 0.03^a	0.40 ± 0.02^a
PUFAs	36.4	32.5	32.0	29.4
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3); SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Different letters within the same column indicate statistically significant differences among mean values according to Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Table 3.

Fatty acid composition in different organs of P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai.

Mineral compound (mg/kg)	Leaves	Seed	Pulp	Peel
Macroelements
P	2,100 ± 150^a	3,800 ± 250^b	120 ± 15^c	420 ± 40^c
K	18,500 ± 1200^a	7,200 ± 500^b	1450 ± 120^c	3,200 ± 250^b
Ca	12,400 ± 1000^a	1,200 ± 150^c	90 ± 10^c	680 ± 60^b
S	1,600 ± 120^a	2,300 ± 180^b	110 ± 12^c	350 ± 30^b
Mg	3,200 ± 250^a	1,900 ± 200^b	75 ± 10^c	420 ± 35^b
Na	180 ± 20^a	65 ± 8^b	12 ± 2^c	95 ± 10^b
Microelements
Fe	210 ± 25.0^a	95 ± 12^b	6.5 ± 1.0^c	48 ± 6^b
Mn	85 ± 10.0^a	22 ± 3.0^b	1.8 ± 0.3^c	14 ± 2.0^b
Al	320 ± 40.0^a	110 ± 15.0^b	8.0 ± 1.0^c	75 ± 8.0^b
Cr	1.20 ± 0.15^a	0.60 ± 0.08^b	0.05 ± 0.01^c	0.40 ± 0.05^b
Cu	9.50 ± 1.2^a	6.80 ± 0.8^b	0.70 ± 0.08^c	3.20 ± 0.35^b
Zn	42 ± 5.0^b	58 ± 6.0^a	1.10 ± 0.12^c	9.80 ± 1.2^b
Se	0.35 ± 0.05^a	0.28 ± 0.03^b	0.03 ± 0.005^c	0.12 ± 0.02^b
As	0.18 ± 0.03^a	0.12 ± 0.02^b	0.01 ± 0.002^c	0.06 ± 0.01^b
Cd	0.06 ± 0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.005^b	0.005 ± 0.001^c	0.02 ± 0.004^b
Ni	1.80 ± 0.20^a	0.95 ± 0.12^b	0.08 ± 0.01^c	0.60 ± 0.08^b
Hg	0.010 ± 0.002^a	0.008 ± 0.001^ab	0.001 ± 0.0002^c	0.004 ± 0.0005^b
Pb	0.22 ± 0.03^a	0.16 ± 0.02^b	0.02 ± 0.004^c	0.09 ± 0.01^b
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Different letters within the same column indicate statistically significant differences among mean values according to Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Table 4.

Mineral compound composition in different organs of P. pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai.