Improvement of nutrient composition and digestibility of lignified crop residues using white-rot fungus

Figures (10) Tables (6)

Figure 1.
Pure white-rot fungal isolates on PDA.
Figure 2.
Solid state fermentation of agricultural residues and fungal growth on the biomass.
Figure 3.
Effect of white-rot fungal treatment on hemicellulose content of agricultural residues.
Figure 4.
Effect of white-rot fungal treatment on cellulose content of agricultural residues.
Figure 5.
Effect of white-rot fungal treatment on crude protein content of agricultural residues.
Figure 6.
Interaction effect of WRF isolates and substrates on fiber and lignin content: (a) ADF%, (b) NDF%, and (c) ADL%.
Figure 7.
Interaction effect of WRF isolates and substrates on protein content.
Figure 8.
Interaction effect of WRF isolates and substrates on ash content.
Figure 9.
Interaction effect of WRF isolates and substrates on DM content.
Figure 10.
Interaction effect of WRF isolates and substrates on IVDMD.

Fungal isolates	Colony morphology on PDA	Hyphal system	Genus	Top and reverse image on PDA
WR-62	Growth rate: very fast; Colony color (top): white, cottony; Reverse pigmentation: bright orange-red	Trimitic	Pycnoporus
WR-25	Growth rate: very fast; Colony color (top): white, fluffy; Reverse pigmentation: reddish-brown	Trimitic	Trametes
WR-80	Growth rate: very fast; Colony color (top): white, fluffy; Reverse pigmentation: yellowish	Trimitic	Trametes versicolor
WR-18	Growth rate: very fast; Colony color (top): fluffy white mycelium with a pale yellow-green tinge; Reverse pigmentation: from dark in the center to lighter at the edges	Dimitic	Lentinus species
WR-35	Growth rate: very fast; Colony color (top): white, fluffy mycelium in the center with a smooth outer edge; Reverse pigmentation: orange and reddish hues	Trimitic	Ganoderma species
WR-14	Growth rate: very fast; Colony color (top): fluffy, white, radial mycelial with a darker center; Reverse pigmentation: orange to reddish color	Monomitic	Phanerochaete chrysosporium
WR-51	Colony color (top): white, fluffy mycelium; Reverse pigmentation: light yellow	Trimitic	Trametes versicolor

Table 1.

Morphological characteristics of white-rot fungal isolates.

Treatments	Chemical composition (g/100 g DM)
Treatments	DM	Ash	NDF	ADF	ADL	IVDMD
WR-35	45.63 ± 0.17^bcd	8.00 ± 0.21^ab	84.425 ± 1.63^bc	45.63 ± 0.71^bcd	7.93 ± 0.1^bc	49.93 ± 0.35^a
WR-14	45.36 ± 0.08^bcd	7.39 ± 0.28^b	85.765 ± 0.06^ab	45.36 ± 0.28^bcd	7.985 ± 0.15^bc	49.51 ± 1.1^ab
WR-80	46.42 ± 0.09^b	7.635 ± 0.15^ab	84.73 ± 0.23^abc	46.42 ± 0.2^b	8.02 ± 0.14^b	49.68 ± 0.92^ab
WR-18	45.375 ± 0.07^bcd	6.225 ± 0.12^c	83.765 ± 0.29^c	45.375 ± 0.11^bcd	7.57 ± 0.0^d	48.44 ± 0.13^bc
WR-62	44.62 ± 0.17^d	8.405 ± 0.66^a	83.595 ± 0.06^c	44.625 ± 0.77^d	7.565 ± 0.01^d	49.13 ± 0.06^ab
WR-25	45.14 ± 0.3^cd	7.475 ± 0.57^b	84.41 ± 0.28^bc	45.14 ± 0.85^cd	7.56 ± 0.05^d	49.13 ± 0.52^ab
WR-51	46.17 ± 0.13^bc	7.745 ± 0.25^ab	84.39 ± 0.31^bc	46.17 ± 0.01^bc	7.80 ± 0.08^c	48.81 ± 0.16^ab
Untreated	49.12 ± 0.3^a	5.25 ± 0.35^d	85.88 ± 0.17^a	49.12 ± 0.27^a	8.785 ± 0.04^a	47.28 ± 0.59^c
The same superscript lowercase letters on the top right side within columns indicate that the values are not significantly different, whereas different superscript letters indicate that the values are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 2.

Effect of white-rot fungal treatment on chemical composition sugarcane bagasse.

Treatments	Chemical composition (g/100 g DM)
Treatments	DM	Ash	NDF	ADF	ADL	IVDMD
WR-35	91.60 ± 0.17^bc	7.54 ± 0.16^b	83.25 ± 0.23^c	43.780 ± 0.64^bc	6.905 ± 0.08^cd	45.49 ± 0.21^d
WR-14	91.975 ± 0.18^b	9.85 ± 0.41^a	85.485 ± 0.6^ab	42.56 ± 2.83^bc	7.46 ± 0.03^b	47.40 ± 0.45^a
WR-80	91.165 ± 0.28^c	7.29 ± 0.03^bc	81.045 ± 1.08^d	40.505 ± 1.49^c	6.655 ± 0.01^d	45.745 ± 0.32^cd
WR-18	91.38 ± 0.51^bc	7.98 ± 0.72^b	82.91 ± 0.42^c	43.025 ± 0.97^bc	6.985 ± 0.25^cd	46.795 ± 0.01^ab
WR-62	91.465 ± 0.35^bc	7.68 ± 0.40^b	82.945 ± 0.78^c	42.01 ± 0.76^bc	6.815 ± 0.04^cd	45.99 ± 0.24^cd
WR-25	91.42 ± 0.25^bc	7.58 ± 0.11^b	83.88 ± 1.24^bc	43.89 ± 0.93^b	7.075 ± 0.21^c	46.30 ± 0.04^bc
WR-51	91.77 ± 0.07^bc	6.685 ± 0.16^c	82.935 ± 0.35^c	44.22 ± 0.65^b	6.955 ± 0.01^cd	45.90 ± 0.49^cd
Untreated	93.45 ± 0.04^a	5.715 ± 0.2^d	87.05 ± 0.41^a	48.79 ± 0.028^a	7.94 ± 0.24^a	40.99 ± 0.48^e
The same superscript lowercase letters on the top right side within columns indicate that the values are not significantly different, whereas different superscript letters indicate that the values are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 3.

Effect of white-rot fungal treatment on chemical composition of barley straw.

Treatments	Chemical composition (g/100 g DM)
Treatments	DM	Ash	NDF	ADF	ADL	IVDMD
WR-35	91.825 ± 0.62^b	10.55 ± 0.81^ab	85.245 ± 2.99^b	47.82 ± 0.06^bc	6.82 ± 0.14^ab	45.855 ± 0.29^ab
WR-14	92.07 ± 0.49^b	10.08 ± 0.01^abc	86.96 ± 0.51^ab	47.34 ± 0.33^bcd	6.775 ± 0.06^abc	46.39 ± 0.0^a
WR-80	91.905 ± 0.23^b	10.88 ± 0.38^ab	86.655 ± 0.11^b	47.82 ± 0.28^bc	6.485 ± 0.05^cd	45.955 ± 0.19^ab
WR-18	91.795 ± 0.15^b	10.54 ± 0.82^ab	84.675 ± 1.07^b	46.61 ± 0.76^cd	6.305 ± 0.13^d	46.30 ± 0.13^a
WR-62	91.76 ± 0.20^b	11.00 ± 0.64^a	86.815 ± 0.11^ab	47.885 ± 0.06^b	6.59 ± 0.01^bcd	46.105 ± 0.30^ab
WR-25	91.770 ± 0.07^b	9.78 ± 0.08^bc	85.94 ± 0.54^b	46.465 ± 0.77^d	6.60 ± 0.13^bcd	45.50 ± 0.16^b
WR-51	91.630 ± 0.13^b	9.245 ± 0.47^c	85.00 ± 0.74^b	46.465 ± 0.77^d	6.51 ± 0.26^bcd	45.75 ± 0.17^ab
Untreated	93.15 ± 0.37^a	8.905 ± 0.05^c	89.51 ± 1.02^a	49.63 ± 0.13^a	7.08 ± 0.18^a	38.34 ± 0.81^c
The same superscript lowercase letters on the top right side within columns indicate that the values are not significantly different, whereas different superscript letters indicate that the values are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 4.

Effect of white-rot fungal treatment on chemical composition of wheat straw.

Treatments	Chemical composition (g/100 g DM)
Treatments	DM	Ash	NDF	ADF	ADL	IVDMD
WR-35	91.105 ± 0.19^b	6.705 ± 0.25^c	80.33 ± 0.76^bc	42.93 ± 0.81^c	5.595 ± 0.09^d	45.885 ± 0.32^b
WR-14	91.17 ± 0.18^b	7.360 ± 0.41^bc	82.555 ± 1.45^a	44.12 ± 0.76^bc	6.180 ± 0.27^bc	46.325 ± 0.06^ab
WR-80	91.06 ± 0.29^b	7.705 ± 0.08^b	82.05 ± 1.56^ab	43.485 ± 1.14^bc	5.690 ± 0.08^d	47.26 ± 1.30^a
WR-18	91.20 ± 0.12^b	7.15 ± 0.37^bc	79.495 ± 0.71^c	43.695 ± 0.33^bc	5.860 ± 0.03^cd	46.085 ± 0.30^ab
WR-62	91.215 ± 0.03^b	7.155 ± 0.39^bc	80.805 ± 0.67^abc	44.67 ± 0.30^b	5.890 ± 0.03^cd	45.955 ± 0.30^b
WR-25	91.28 ± 0.02^b	7.790 ± 0.03^b	82.205 ± 0.60^ab	46.635 ± 0.46^a	6.305 ± 0.09^b	45.775 ± 0.08^b
WR-51	91.07 ± 0.02^b	8.770 ± 0.16^a	81.24 ± 0.37^abc	43.22 ± 0.01^bc	5.585 ± 0.09^d	45.675 ± 0.06^b
Untreated	94.33 ± 0.16^a	4.60 ± 0.62^d	82.765 ± 0.45^a	47.225 ± 0.49^a	6.965 ± 0.37^a	43.06 ± 0.54^c
The same superscript lowercase letters on the top right side within columns indicate that the values are not significantly different, whereas different superscript letters indicate that the values are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 5.

Effect of white-rot fungal treatment on chemical composition of teff straw.

Treatments	Chemical composition (g/100 g DM)
Treatments	DM	Ash	NDF	ADF	ADL	IVDMD
WR-35	89.00 ± 0.20^c	7.09 ± 0.08^bc	69.775 ± 0.74^d	40.995 ± 0.39^c	6.51 ± 0.1^bc	55.125 ± 1.12^cd
WR-14	89.255 ± 0.29^bc	10.98 ± 0.96^a	71.045 ± 1.32^cd	40.44 ± 0.04^c	6.81 ± 0.04^b	57.16 ± 0.21^ab
WR-80	89.65 ± 0.10^bc	7.795 ± 0.45^bc	72.255 ± 0.42^bc	40.935 ± 0.56^c	6.15 ± 0.07^e	58.11 ± 0.62^a
WR-18	89.36 ± 0.20^bc	7.02 ± 0.27^bc	69.55 ± 1.24^d	40.90 ± 0.04^c	6.505 ± 0.12^bcd	55.855 ± 0.77^bc
WR-62	89.50 ± 0.33^bc	7.86 ± 0.13^b	71.39 ± 1.70^bcd	40.66 ± 0.58^c	6.19 ± 0.03^de	54.075 ± 0.74^de
WR-25	90.325 ± 1.4^b	6.86 ± 0.03^c	69.925 ± 0.36^d	40.72 ± 0.25^c	6.285 ± 0.01^cde	54.60 ± 0.66^cde
WR-51	89.86 ± 0.11^bc	7.29 ± 0.2^bc	73.415 ± 0.13^ab	42.24 ± 0.20^b	6.305 ± 0.02^cde	53.28 ± 0.57^e
Untreated	92.68 ± 0.49^a	5.72 ± 0.3^d	74.54 ± 0.65^a	47.815 ± 0.21^a	7.215 ± 0.35^a	49.94 ± 0.41^f
The same superscript lowercase letters on the top right side within columns indicate that the values are not significantly different, whereas different superscript letters indicate that the values are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 6.

Effect of white-rot fungal treatment on chemical composition of grass straw.