[1]

Peng W, Liu YJ, Wu N, Sun T, He XY, et al. 2015. Areca catechu L.(Arecaceae):a review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry,pharmacology and toxicology. Journal of ethnopharmacology164:340−56

[2]

Volgin AD, Bashirzade A, Amstislavskaya TG, Yakovlev OA, Demin KA, et al. 2019. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Arecoline. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 10:2176−85

doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00711
[3]

Mehrtash H, Duncan K, Parascandola M, David A, Gritz ER, et al. 2017. Defining a global research and policy agenda for betel quid and areca nut. The Lancet Oncology 18:E767−E775

doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30460-6
[4]

Pasupuleti RR, Lee CH, Osborne PG, Wu MT, Ponnusamy VK. 2022. Rapid green analytical methodology for simultaneous biomonitoring of five toxic areca nut alkaloids using UHPLC-MS/MS for predicting health hazardous risks. Journal of Hazardous Materials 422:126923

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126923
[5]

Oliveira NG, Ramos DL, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. 2021. Genetic toxicology and toxicokinetics of arecoline and related areca nut compounds: an updated review. Archives of Toxicology 95:375−93

doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02926-9
[6]

Huizinga JD, Chen JH, Zhu YF, Pawelka A, McGinn RJ, et al. 2014. The origin of segmentation motor activity in the intestine. Nature communications 5:3326

doi: 10.1038/ncomms4326
[7]

Chen Q, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Cao L, Chen Z. 2021. Arecoline hydrobromide enhances jejunum smooth muscle contractility via voltage-dependent potassium channels in W/Wv mice. Physiological Research 70:437−46

doi: 10.33549/physiolres.934557
[8]

Xu Z, Adilijiang A, Wang W, You P, Lin D, et al. 2019. Arecoline attenuates memory impairment and demyelination in a cuprizone-induced mouse model of schizophrenia. Neuroreport 30:134−38

doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001172
[9]

Tariot PN, Cohen RM, Welkowitz JA, Sunderland T, Newhouse PA, et al. 1988. Multiple-dose arecoline infusions in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of General Psychiatry 45:901−5

doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800340023003
[10]

Marques MM, Beland FA, Lachenmeier DW, Phillips DH, Chung FL, et al. 2021. Carcinogenicity of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and arecoline. The Lancet Oncology 22:19−20

doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30727-0
[11]

Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K. 2014. Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control. International Journal of Cancer 135:1433−43

doi: 10.1002/ijc.28643
[12]

Lee CH, Ko YC, Huang HL, Chao YY, Tsai CC, et al. 2003. The precancer risk of betel quid chewing, tobacco use and alcohol consumption in oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis in southern Taiwan. British Journal of Cancer 88:366−72

doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600727
[13]

Shih YH, Chiu KC, Wang TH, Lan WC, Tsai BH, et al. 2021. Effects of melatonin to arecoline-induced reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 120:668−78

doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.037
[14]

Chuerduangphui J, Ekalaksananan T, Chaiyarit P, Patarapadungkit N, Chotiyano A, et al. 2018. Effects of arecoline on proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by dysregulating c-Myc and miR-22, directly targeting oncostatin M. PLoS One 13:e0192009

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192009
[15]

Hsu HJ, Chang KL, Yang YH, Shieh TY. 2001. The effects of arecoline on the release of cytokines using cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with oral mucous diseases. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 17:175−82

[16]

Shih YT, Chen PS, Wu CH, Tseng YT, Wu YC, et al. 2010. Arecoline, a major alkaloid of the areca nut, causes neurotoxicity through enhancement of oxidative stress and suppression of the antioxidant protective system. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 49:1471−79

doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.017
[17]

Lin WY, Tsai BCK, Day CH, Chiu PL, Chen RJ, et al. 2021. Arecoline induces heart injure via Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic pathway in heart of Sprague-Dawley rat. Environmental toxicology 36:1567−75

doi: 10.1002/tox.23153
[18]

Wang TN, Huang MS, Lin MC, Duh TH, Lee CH, et al. 2014. Betel chewing and arecoline affects eotaxin-1, asthma and lung function. PLoS One 9:e91889

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091889
[19]

Zhou J, Sun Q, Yang Z, Zhang J. 2014. The hepatotoxicity and testicular toxicity induced by arecoline in mice and protective effects of vitamins C and E. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology 18:143−48

doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.2.143
[20]

Cox S, Vickers ER, Ghu S, Zoellner H. 2010. Salivary arecoline levels during areca nut chewing in human volunteers. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 39:465−9

doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00881.x
[21]

Venkatesh D, Puranik RS, Vanaki SS, Puranik SR. 2018. Study of salivary arecoline in areca nut chewers. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 22:446

doi: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_143_18
[22]

Rajalalitha P, Vali S. 2005. Molecular pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis − a collagen metabolic disorder. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 34:321−28

doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00325.x
[23]

Jeng JH, Wang YJ, Chiang BL, Lee PH, Chan CP, et al. 2003. Roles of keratinocyte inflammation in oral cancer: regulating the prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6 and TNF-α production of oral epithelial cells by areca nut extract and arecoline. Carcinogenesis 24:1301−15

doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgg083
[24]

Kale AD, Mane DR, Shukla D. 2013. Expression of transforming growth factor β and its correlation with lipodystrophy in oral submucous fibrosis: an immunohistochemical study. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 18:e12−e18

doi: 10.4317/medoral.18226
[25]

Vindevoghel L, Kon A, Lechleider RJ, Uitto J, Roberts AB, et al. 1998. Smad-dependent transcriptional activation of human type VII collagen gene (COL7A1) promoter by transforming growth factor-β. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 273:13053−57

doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.21.13053
[26]

Prockop DJ, Kivirikko KI. 1995. Collagens: molecular biology, diseases, and potentials for therapy. Annual Review of Biochemistry 64:403−34

doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.002155
[27]

Feres-Filho EJ, Choi YJ, Han X, Takala TE, Trackman PC. 1995. Pre- and post-translational regulation of lysyl oxidase by transforming growth factor-β1 in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270:30797−803

doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.51.30797
[28]

Deng YT, Chen HM, Cheng SJ, Chiang CP, Kuo MYP. 2009. Arecoline-stimulated connective tissue growth factor production in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts: Modulation by curcumin. Oral Oncology 45:e99−e105

doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.04.004
[29]

Li X, Ling TY, Gao YJ, Tang DS, Li WH. 2009. Arecoline and oral keratinocytes may affect the collagen metabolism of fibroblasts. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 38:422−26

doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00758.x
[30]

Chang YC, Tsai CH, Lai YL, Yu CC, Chi WY, et al. 2014. Arecoline-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from human buccal mucosal fibroblasts is mediated by ZEB1. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 18:698−708

doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12219
[31]

Lee YH, Yang LC, Hu FW, Peng CY, Yu CH, et al. 2016. Elevation of Twist expression by arecoline contributes to the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 115:311−17

doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.05.009
[32]

Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Bagan JV, González-Moles MÁ, et al. 2021. Oral potentially malignant disorders: A consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer. Oral Diseases 27:1862−80

doi: 10.1111/odi.13704
[33]

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, et al. 2021. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 71:209−49

doi: 10.3322/caac.21660
[34]

Chen YK, Huang HC, Lin LM, Lin CC. 1999. Primary oral squamous cell carcinoma: an analysis of 703 cases in southern Taiwan. Oral Oncology 35:173−79

doi: 10.1016/S1368-8375(98)00101-8
[35]

Chang NW, Pei RJ, Tseng HC, Yeh KT, Chan HC, et al. 2010. Co-treating with arecoline and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide to establish a mouse model mimicking oral tumorigenesis. Chemico-Biological Interactions 183:231−37

doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.005
[36]

Tu HF, Chen MY, Lai JCY, Chen YL, Wong YW, et al. 2019. Arecoline-regulated ataxia telangiectasia mutated expression level in oral cancer progression. Head & Neck 41:2525−37

doi: 10.1002/hed.25718
[37]

Helton ES, Chen X. 2007. p53 modulation of the DNA damage response. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 100:883−96

doi: 10.1002/jcb.21091
[38]

Tsai YS, Lee KW, Huang JL, Liu YS, Juo SHH, et al. 2008. Arecoline, a major alkaloid of areca nut, inhibits p53, represses DNA repair, and triggers DNA damage response in human epithelial cells. Toxicology 249:230−37

doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.05.007
[39]

Lee PH, Chang MC, Chang WH, Wang TM, Wang YJ, et al. 2006. Prolonged exposure to arecoline arrested human KB epithelial cell growth: regulatory mechanisms of cell cycle and apoptosis. Toxicology 220:81−89

doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.07.026
[40]

Li J, Chen S, Liao Y, Wang H, Zhou D, et al. 2022. Arecoline Is Associated With Inhibition of Cuproptosis and Proliferation of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Potential Mechanism for Tumor Metastasis. Frontiers in oncology 12:925743

doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.925743
[41]

Lu TX, Rothenberg ME. 2018. MicroRNA. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 141:1202−7

doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.034
[42]

Zhang Y, Wang X, Han S, Wang Y, Liu R, et al. 2021. Suppression of miR-886-3p mediated by arecoline (ARE) contributes to the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Investigative Medicine 69:377−81

doi: 10.1136/jim-2020-001405
[43]

Shiah SG, Hsiao JR, Chang WM, Chen YW, Jin YT, et al. 2014. Downregulated miR329 and miR410 promote the proliferation and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting Wnt-7b. Cancer Research 74:7560−72

doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-0978
[44]

Shiah SG, Hsiao JR, Chang HJ, Hsu YM, Wu GH, et al. 2020. MiR-30a and miR-379 modulate retinoic acid pathway by targeting DNA methyltransferase 3B in oral cancer. Journal of Biomedical Science 27:46

doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-00644-z
[45]

Hsieh YP, Chen KC, Chen MY, Huang LY, Su AY, et al. 2022. Epigenetic deregulation of protein tyrosine kinase 6 promotes carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:4495

doi: 10.3390/ijms23094495
[46]

Lee CH, Chang JSM, Syu SH, Wong TS, Chan JYW, et al. 2015. IL-1β promotes malignant transformation and tumor aggressiveness in oral cancer. Journal of Cellular Physiology 230:875−84

doi: 10.1002/jcp.24816
[47]

Li X, Chen W, Gao Y, Song J, Gu Y, et al. 2022. Fat mass and obesity-associated protein regulates arecoline-exposed oral cancer immune response through programmed cell death-ligand 1. Cancer Science 113:2962−73

doi: 10.1111/cas.15332
[48]

Zhou B, Zhu W, Ren C. 2019. First steps to regulate advertising of areca nut in China. The Lancet Oncology 20:615−16

doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30231-1
[49]

Siregar P, Audira G, Feng LY, Lee JH, Santoso F, et al. 2021. Pharmaceutical assessment suggests locomotion hyperactivity in zebrafish triggered by arecoline might be associated with multiple muscarinic acetylcholine receptors activation. Toxins 13:259

doi: 10.3390/toxins13040259
[50]

Sun YP, Liu Q, Luo J, Guo P, Chen F, et al. 2010. Systemic administration of arecoline reduces ethanol-induced sleeping through activation of central muscarinic receptor in mice. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 34:150−7

doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01076.x
[51]

Xiao BM, Xiao NQ, Peng MJ, Gong LM, Li C, et al. 2013. Research on effects of arecoline on refreshing and acute toxicity test. China Modern Medicine 20:14−16

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-4721.2013.20.005
[52]

Ono M, Minamoto Y, Shibata S, Watanabe S. 1995. Attenuating effect of arecoline and physostigmine on an impairment of mealtime-associated activity rhythm in old rats. Physiology & behavior 57:189−91

doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(94)00248-4
[53]

Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Lelli C, Bartolini A. 2001. M1 receptor activation is a requirement for arecoline analgesia. Il Farmaco 56:383−85

doi: 10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01091-6
[54]

Chandra JN, Malviya M, Sadashiva CT, Subhash MN, Rangappa KS. 2008. Effect of novel arecoline thiazolidinones as muscarinic receptor 1 agonist in Alzheimer's dementia models. Neurochemistry international 52:376−83

doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.07.006
[55]

Serikuly N, Alpyshov ET, Wang D, Wang J, Yang L, et al. 2021. Effects of acute and chronic arecoline in adult zebrafish: Anxiolytic-like activity, elevated brain monoamines and the potential role of microglia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 104:109977

doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109977
[56]

Molinengo L, Cassone MC, Orsetti M. 1986. Action of arecoline on the levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine and dopamine in the mouse central nervous system. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 24:1801−3

doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90525-3
[57]

Aviello G, Knaus UG. 2018. NADPH oxidases and ROS signaling in the gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal Immunology 11:1011−23

doi: 10.1038/s41385-018-0021-8
[58]

Jiang JM, Wang L, Gu HF, Wu K, Xiao F, et al. 2016. Arecoline Induces Neurotoxicity to PC12 Cells: Involvement in ER Stress and Disturbance of Endogenous H2S Generation. Neurochemical research 41:2140−48

doi: 10.1007/s11064-016-1929-6
[59]

Ko AMS, Lee CH, Ko AMJ, Ko YC. 2020. Betel quid dependence mechanism and potential cessation therapy. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 103:109982

doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109982
[60]

Chen PH, Tu HP, Wang SJ, Ko AMS, Lee CP, et al. 2012. Monoamine oxidase A variants are associated with heavy betel quid use. Addiction Biology 17:786−97

doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00331.x
[61]

Papke RL, Horenstein NA, Stokes C. 2015. Nicotinic Activity of Arecoline, the Psychoactive Element of "Betel Nuts", Suggests a Basis for Habitual Use and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. PLoS One 10:e0140907

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140907
[62]

So EC, Huang YM, Hsing CH, Liao YK, Wu SN. 2015. Arecoline inhibits intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in human glioblastoma cell lines. European journal of pharmacology 758:177−87

doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.065
[63]

Demissie S, Rogers CF, Hiramoto NS, Ghanta VK, Hiramoto RN. 1995. Arecoline a muscarinic cholinergic agent conditions central pathways that modulate natural killer cell activity. Journal of neuroimmunology 59:57−63

doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00025-W
[64]

Molinengo L, Orsetti M, Pastorello B, Scordo I, Ghi P. 1995. The action of arecoline on retrieval and memory storage evaluated in the staircase maze. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 63:167−73

doi: 10.1006/nlme.1995.1017
[65]

Soncrant TT, Raffaele KC, Asthana S, Berardi A, Pearse Morris P, et al. 1993. Memory improvement without toxicity during chronic, low dose intravenous arecoline in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 112:421−27

doi: 10.1007/BF02244889
[66]

Raffaele KC, Asthana S, Berardi A, Haxby JV, Morris PP, et al. 1996. Differential response to the cholinergic agonist arecoline among different cognitive modalities in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 15:163−70

doi: 10.1016/0893-133X(95)00179-H
[67]

Shakya B, Siddique YH. 2018. Exploring the neurotoxicity and changes in life cycle parameters of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to arecoline. The Journal of Basic Applied Zoology 79:1

doi: 10.1186/s41936-018-0014-x
[68]

Yan W, Zhang T, Li S, Wang Y, Zhu L, et al. 2023. oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to arecoline and its secondary metabolites-induced dyskinesia in zebrafish embryo. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24:6327

doi: 10.3390/ijms24076327
[69]

García-Algar O, Vall O, Alameda F, Puig C, Pellegrini M, et al. 2005. Prenatal exposure to arecoline (areca nut alkaloid) and birth outcomes. Archives of disease in childhood − Fetal and neonatal edition 90:F276−F277

doi: 10.1136/adc.2004.061325
[70]

The Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China. 2022. Report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2021: an updated summary. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 35:573−603

doi: 10.3967/bes2022.079
[71]

Choudhury MD, Chetia P, Choudhury KD, Talukdar AD, Datta-Choudhari M. 2012. Atherogenic effect of Arecoline: A computational study. Bioinformation 8:229−32

doi: 10.6026/97320630008229
[72]

Hung DZ, Deng JF. 1998. Acute myocardial infarction temporally related to betel nut chewing. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 40:25−28

[73]

Chen YC, Lee HC, Lee HH, Su HM, Lin TH, Hsu PC. 2016. Areca nut chewing complicated with non-obstructive and obstructive ST elevation myocardial infarction. Acta Cardiologica Sinica 32:103−7

doi: 10.6515/acs20141225a
[74]

Tseng SK, Chang MC, Hsu M-L, Su CY, Chi LY, et al. 2014. Arecoline inhibits endothelial cell growth and migration and the attachment to mononuclear cells. Journal of Dental Sciences 9:258−64

doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2012.12.015
[75]

Goto H, Tanaka N, Tanigawa K, Shimada Y, Itoh T, et al. 1997. Endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of extract prepared from the seeds of Areca catechu on isolated rat aorta. Phytotherapy Research 11:457−59

doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199709)11:6<457::AID-PTR123>3.0.CO;2-J
[76]

Beil ME, Goodman FR, Shlevin HH, Smith EF III. 1986. Evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of arecoline in the anesthetized dog. Drug Development Research 9:203−12

doi: 10.1002/ddr.430090304
[77]

Krstić MK. 1973. The origin of the hypertensive effect of arecoline in rats. Pharmacology 9:16−26

doi: 10.1159/000136362
[78]

Ku CW, Day CH, Ou HC, Ho TJ, Chen RJ, et al. 2021. The molecular mechanisms underlying arecoline-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats. Open Life Sciences 16:1182−92

doi: 10.1515/biol-2021-0116
[79]

Ho TJ, Chi-Kang Tsai B, Kuo CH, Luk HN, Day CH, et al. 2022. Arecoline induces cardiotoxicity by upregulating and activating cardiac hypertrophy-related pathways in Sprague-Dawley rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions 354:109810

doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109810
[80]

Xie DP, Chen LB, Liu CY, Zhang CL, Liu KJ, et al. 2004. Arecoline excites the colonic smooth muscle motility via M3 receptor in rabbits. The Chinese Journal of Physiology 47:89−94

[81]

Li CB, Yang X, Tang WB, Liu CY, Xie DP. 2010. Arecoline excites the contraction of distal colonic smooth muscle strips in rats via the M3 receptor−extracellular Ca2+ influx−Ca2+ store release pathway. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 88:439−47

doi: 10.1139/Y10-024
[82]

Gemmell MA. 1958. Arecoline hydrobromide as a taentafuge in dogs, with special reference to its use in controlling hydatid disease. Australian Veterinary Journal 34:207−12

doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1958.tb05879.x
[83]

Nikitin V, Yakovlev N, Kochetov V. 1963. The efficacy of arecoline against cestodes in dogs. Veterinariya 40:53−54

[84]

Zhu L, Li D, Yang X. 2023. Gut metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of the effects of arecoline on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14:1132026

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1132026
[85]

Xu M, Su S, Jiang S, Li W, Zhang Z, et al. 2023. Short-term arecoline exposure affected the systemic health state of mice, in which gut microbes played an important role. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 259:115055

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115055
[86]

Zhao H, Ding T, Chen Y, Yang W, Rao J, et al. 2023. Arecoline aggravates acute ulcerative colitis in mice by affecting intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites. Frontiers in Immunology 14:1197922

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197922
[87]

Dasgupta R, Saha I, Pal S, Bhattacharyya A, Sa G, et al. 2006. Immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity and depression of antioxidant status by arecoline in albino mice. Toxicology 227:94−104

doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.016
[88]

Liu ST, Young GC, Lee YC, Chang YF. 2011. A preliminary report on the toxicity of arecoline on early pregnancy in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49:144−48

doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.009
[89]

Taylor RFH, Al-Jarad N, John LME, Barnes NC, Conroy DM. 1992. Betel-nut chewing and asthma. Lancet 339:1134−36

doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90732-I
[90]

Xiao RM, Wang JJ, Chen JY, Sun LJ, Chen Y. 2014. Effects of arecoline on hepatic cytochrome P450 activity and oxidative stress. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 39:609−14

doi: 10.2131/jts.39.609
[91]

Cheng HL, Su SJ, Huang LW, Hsieh BS, Hu YC, et al. 2010. Arecoline induces HA22T/VGH hepatoma cells to undergo anoikis - involvement of STAT3 and RhoA activation. Molecular cancer 9:126

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-126
[92]

Chan YH, Liu TC, Liao CK, Cheng YF, Tsai CH, et al. 2019. Consumption of betel quid contributes to sensorineural hearing impairment through arecoline-induced oxidative stress. Scientific Reports 9:14554

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49815-5
[93]

Chang BE, Liao MH, Kuo MYP, Chen CH. 2004. Developmental toxicity of arecoline, the major alkaloid in betel nuts, in zebrafish embryos. Birth Defects Research Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology 70:28−36

doi: 10.1002/bdra.10136
[94]

Li WD, Zang CJ, Yin S, Shen W, Sun QY, Zhao M. 2020. Metformin protects against mouse oocyte apoptosis defects induced by arecoline. Cell Proliferation 53:e12809

doi: 10.1111/cpr.12809
[95]

Wang SW, Hwang GS, Chen TJ, Wang PS. 2008. Effects of arecoline on testosterone release in rats. American journal of physiology − Endocrinology and metabolism 295:E497−E504

doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00045.2008
[96]

Selvan RS, Venkateswaran KS, Rao AR. 1989. Influence of arecoline on immune system: I. Short term effects on general parameters and on the adrenal and lymphoid organs. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 11:347−77

doi: 10.3109/08923978909005375
[97]

Dasgupta R, Chatterji U, Nag TC, Chaudhuri-Sengupta S, Nag D, et al. 2010. Ultrastructural and hormonal modulations of the thyroid gland following arecoline treatment in albino mice. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 319:1−7

doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.01.005
[98]

Wen XM, Zhang YL, Liu XM, Guo SX, Wang H. 2006. Immune responses in mice to arecoline mediated by lymphocyte muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Cell Biology International 30:1048−53

doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.09.015
[99]

Hsu HF, Tsou TC, Chao HR, Shy CG, Kuo YT, et al. 2010. Effects of arecoline on adipogenesis, lipolysis, and glucose uptake of adipocytes − A possible role of betel-quid chewing in metabolic syndrome. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 245:370−77

doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.04.008
[100]

Tian ZH, Weng JT, Shih LJ, Siao AC, Chan TY, et al. 2018. Arecoline inhibits the growth of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via AMP-activated protein kinase and reactive oxygen species pathways. PLoS One 13:e0200508

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200508