[1]

Gildea E, Scales-Theobald E, Thompson J, Cook A, Forde K, et al. 2024. Development and validation of a quality of life and treatment satisfaction measure in canine osteoarthritis. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 11:1377019

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1377019
[2]

Rychel JK. 2010. Diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 25:20−25

doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.005
[3]

Yao Q, Wu X, Tao C, Gong W, Chen M, et al. 2023. Osteoarthritis: pathogenic signaling pathways and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 8:56

doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01330-w
[4]

Mukherjee A, Das B. 2024. The role of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the progression of osteoarthritis. Biomaterials and Biosystems 13:100090

doi: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2024.100090
[5]

Budsberg SC, Bartges JW. 2006. Nutrition and osteoarthritis in dogs: does it help? The Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 36:1307−23

doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.007
[6]

Carlisle C, Metzger BT, Tintle NL, Polley K, Jackson KH, et al. 2024. The effects of omega-3 supplementation on the omega-3 index and quality of life and pain scores in dogs. Animals 14:3108

doi: 10.3390/ani14213108
[7]

McCarthy G, O'Donovan J, Jones B, McAllister H, Seed M, et al. 2007. Randomised double-blind, positive-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. The Veterinary Journal 174:54−61

doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.02.015
[8]

Zhu W, Tang H, Cao L, Zhang J, Li J, et al. 2022. Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate ameliorates oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte dysfunction and exerts chondroprotective effects via the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Chemical Biology & Drug Design 100:108−20

doi: 10.1111/cbdd.14056
[9]

Sirše M. 2022. Effect of dietary polyphenols on osteoarthritis—molecular mechanisms. Life 12:436

doi: 10.3390/life12030436
[10]

Dämmrich K. 1991. Relationship between nutrition and bone growth in large and giant dogs. The Journal of Nutrition 121:S114−S121

doi: 10.1093/jn/121.suppl_11.S114
[11]

Tiet T, Alman B. 2003. Developmental pathways in musculoskeletal neoplasia: involvement of the indian hedgehog-parathyroid hormone-related protein pathway. Pediatric Research 53:539−43

doi: 10.1203/01.PDR.0000054688.93486.18
[12]

Parker VJ, Rudinsky AJ, Chew DJ. 2017. Vitamin D metabolism in canine and feline medicine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 250(11):1259−69

doi: 10.2460/javma.250.11.1259
[13]

Zafalon RVA, Risolia LW, Pedrinelli V, Vendramini THA, Rodrigues RBA, et al. 2020. Vitamin D metabolism in dogs and cats and its relation to diseases not associated with bone metabolism. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 104:322−42

doi: 10.1111/jpn.13259
[14]

Di Nicola V. 2020. Degenerative osteoarthritis a reversible chronic disease. Regenerative Therapy 15:149−60

doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.07.007
[15]

Roitner M, Klever J, Reese S, Meyer-Lindenberg A. 2024. Prevalence of osteoarthritis in the shoulder, elbow, hip and stifle joints of dogs older than 8 years. The Veterinary Journal 305:106132

doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106132
[16]

Enomoto M, de Castro N, Hash J, Thomson A, Nakanishi-Hester A, et al. 2024. Prevalence of radiographic appendicular osteoarthritis and associated clinical signs in young dogs. Scientific Reports 14:2827

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52324-9
[17]

Johnston SA. 1997. Osteoarthritis: Joint anatomy, physiology, and pathobiology. The Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 27:699−723

doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(97)50076-3
[18]

Sophia Fox AJ, Bedi A, Rodeo SA. 2009. The basic science of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and function. Sports Health 1:461−68

doi: 10.1177/1941738109350438
[19]

Jerosch J. 2011. Effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on cartilage metabolism in OA: outlook on other nutrient partners especially Omega‐3 fatty acids. International Journal of Rheumatology 2011:969012

doi: 10.1155/2011/969012
[20]

Messina OD, Vidal Wilman M, Vidal Neira LF. 2019. Nutrition, osteoarthritis and cartilage metabolism. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 31:807−13

doi: 10.1007/s40520-019-01191-w
[21]

Clark KL. 2007. Nutritional considerations in joint health. Clinics in Sports Medicine 26:101−18

doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2006.11.006
[22]

Goggs R, Vaughan-Thomas A, Clegg PD, Carter SD, Innes JF, et al. 2005. Nutraceutical therapies for degenerative joint diseases: a critical review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 45:145−64

doi: 10.1080/10408690590956341
[23]

Thomas S, Browne H, Mobasheri A, Rayman MP. 2018. What is the evidence for a role for diet and nutrition in osteoarthritis? Rheumatology 57:iv61−iv74

doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key011
[24]

Heinegård D, Saxne T. 2011. The role of the cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 7:50−56

doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.198
[25]

Zivkovic AM, Telis N, German JB, Hammock BD. 2011. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids aid in the modulation of inflammation and metabolic health. Calif Agric 65:106−11

doi: 10.3733/ca.v065n03p106
[26]

Zeng J, Franklin DK, Das A, Hirani V. 2023. The effects of dietary patterns and food groups on symptomatic osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Nutrition & Dietetics 80(1):21−43

doi: 10.1111/1747-0080.12781
[27]

Akiyama H, Chaboissier MC, Martin JF, Schedl A, De Crombrugghe B. 2002. The transcription factor Sox9 has essential roles in successive steps of the chondrocyte differentiation pathway and is required for expression of Sox5 and Sox6. Genes & development 16:2813−28

doi: 10.1101/gad.1017802
[28]

Liu CF, Samsa WE, Zhou G, Lefebvre V. 2017. Transcriptional control of chondrocyte specification and differentiation. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 62:34−49

doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.004
[29]

Glasson SS, Askew R, Sheppard B, Carito B, Blanchet T, et al. 2005. Deletion of active ADAMTS5 prevents cartilage degradation in a murine model of osteoarthritis. Nature 434:644−48

doi: 10.1038/nature03369
[30]

Tetlow LC, Adlam DJ, Woolley DE. 2001. Matrix metalloproteinase and proinflammatory cytokine production by chondrocytes of human osteoarthritic cartilage: associations with degenerative changes. Arthritis & Rheumatism 44:585−94

doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200103)44:3<585::AID-ANR107>3.0.CO;2-C
[31]

Chen J, Long F. 2018. mTOR signaling in skeletal development and disease. Bone Research 6:1

doi: 10.1038/s41413-017-0004-5
[32]

del Río E. 2025. Rethinking Osteoarthritis Management: Synergistic Effects of Chronoexercise, Circadian Rhythm, and Chondroprotective Agents. Biomedicines 13:598

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13030598
[33]

McInnes IB, Schett G. 2011. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. New England Journal of Medicine 365:2205−19

doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1004965
[34]

Thysen S, Luyten FP, Lories RJU. 2015. Targets, models and challenges in osteoarthritis research. Disease Models & Mechanisms 8:17−30

[35]

Xu C, Fang MY, Wang K, Liu J, Tai GP, et al. 2020. Discovery and development of inflammatory inhibitors from 2-phenylchromonone (flavone) scaffolds. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20:2578−98

doi: 10.2174/1568026620666200924115611
[36]

Goldring MB, Marcu KB. 2009. Cartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Research & Therapy 11:224

doi: 10.1186/ar2592
[37]

Caola G. 2003. The Anatomy and Physiology of Diarthroses. Veterinary Research Communications 27:69−73

doi: 10.1023/B:VERC.0000014120.90099.19
[38]

Vincent T, Wann A. 2019. Mechanoadaptation: articular cartilage through thick and thin. The Journal of Physiology 597(5):11271−81

doi: 10.1113/jp275451
[39]

Mobasheri A, Henrotin Y, Biesalski HK, Shakibaei M. 2012. Scientific Evidence and Rationale for the Development of Curcumin and Resveratrol as Nutraceutricals for Joint Health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13:4202−32

doi: 10.3390/ijms13044202
[40]

Birlik A. 2023. Nutritional Supplements for Musculoskeletal Health. In Functional exercise anatomy and physiology for physiotherapists, ed. Kaya Utlu D. Cham: Springer. pp. 547−59 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-27184-7_28

[41]

Lopez AN, Bazer FW, Wu G. 2024. Functions and metabolism of amino acids in bones and joints of cats and dogs. In Nutrition and Metabolism of Dogs and Cats, ed. Wu G. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp, 155−75 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-54192-6_7

[42]

Andraskar K. 2024. Recent advances in the understanding and management of osteoarthritis: a comprehensive review. Journal of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology 1:53−62

doi: 10.61920/jimp.v1i01.20
[43]

LaForge JM, Urso K, Day JM, Bourgeois CW, Ross MM, et al. 2023. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: clinical implications, renal impairment risks, and AKI. Advances in Therapy 40:2082−96

doi: 10.1007/s12325-023-02481-6
[44]

Fujiki M, Shineha J, Yamanokuchi K, Misumi K, Sakamoto H. 2007. Effects of treatment with polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and C-reactive protein concentrations, serum matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities, and lameness in dogs with osteoarthritis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 68:827−33

doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.827
[45]

Devries MC, McGlory C, Bolster DR, Kamil A, Rahn M, et al. 2018. Leucine, not total protein, content of a supplement is the primary determinant of muscle protein anabolic responses in healthy older women. The Journal of Nutrition 148:1088−95

doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy091
[46]

Norton LE, Layman DK. 2006. Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. The Journal of Nutrition 136:533s−537s

doi: 10.1093/jn/136.2.533S
[47]

Blees NR, Teunissen M, Dobenecker B, Prawitt J, Tryfonidou MA, et al. 2024. Collagen hydrolysates as nutritional support in canine osteoarthritis: a narrative review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 109:590−600

doi: 10.1111/jpn.14076
[48]

AlRaddadi EA, Winter T, Aukema HM, Miller DW. 2019. Effects of various dietary supplements on inflammatory processes in primary canine chondrocytes as a model of osteoarthritis. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 83:206−17

[49]

Henrotin Y, Chevalier X, Herrero-Beaumont G, McAlindon T, Mobasheri A, et al. 2013. Physiological effects of oral glucosamine on joint health: current status and consensus on future research priorities. BMC Research Notes 6:115

doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-115
[50]

Djerbal L, Lortat-Jacob H, Kwok J. 2017. Chondroitin sulfates and their binding molecules in the central nervous system. Glycoconjugate Journal 34:363−76

doi: 10.1007/s10719-017-9761-z
[51]

Martel-Pelletier J, Barr AJ, Cicuttini FM, Conaghan PG, Cooper C, et al. 2016. Osteoarthritis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2:16072

doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.72
[52]

Gregory PJ, Fellner C. 2014. Dietary supplements as disease-modifying treatments in osteoarthritis: a critical appraisal. P & T 39:436−52

[53]

Gupta RC, Canerdy TD, Lindley J, Konemann M, Minniear J, et al. 2012. Comparative therapeutic efficacy and safety of type-II collagen (UC-II), glucosamine and chondroitin in arthritic dogs: pain evaluation by ground force plate. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96:770−77

doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01166.x
[54]

Calder PC. 2017. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochemical Society Transactions 45:1105−15

doi: 10.1042/BST20160474
[55]

Basil MC, Levy BD. 2016. Specialized pro-resolving mediators: endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation. Nature Reviews Immunology 16:51−67

doi: 10.1038/nri.2015.4
[56]

Barden AE, Moghaddami M, Mas E, Phillips M, Cleland LG, et al. 2016. Specialised pro-resolving mediators of inflammation in inflammatory arthritis. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 107:24−29

doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.004
[57]

Lorke M, Willen M, Lucas K, Schille JT, Lüder Ripoli F, et al. 2020. Effect of antioxidants, mitochondrial cofactors and omega-3 fatty acids on telomere length and kinematic joint mobility in young and old shepherd dogs - a randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled study. Research in Veterinary Science 129:137−53

doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.01.008
[58]

Roush JK, Dodd CE, Fritsch DA, Allen TA, Jewell DE, et al. 2010. Multicenter veterinary practice assessment of the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on osteoarthritis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 236:59−66

doi: 10.2460/javma.236.1.59
[59]

Burron S, Richards T, Krebs G, Trevizan L, Rankovic A, et al. 2024. The balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in canine, feline, and equine nutrition: exploring sources and the significance of alpha-linolenic acid. Journal of Animal Science 102:skae143

doi: 10.1093/jas/skae143
[60]

Cobb CS, Ernst E. 2006. Systematic review of a marine nutriceutical supplement in clinical trials for arthritis: the effectiveness of the New Zealand green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus. Clinical Rheumatology 25:275−84

doi: 10.1007/s10067-005-0001-8
[61]

Eason CT, Adams SL, Puddick J, Romanazzi D, Miller MR, et al. 2018. Greenshell™ mussels: a review of veterinary trials and future research directions. Veterinary Sciences 5:36

doi: 10.3390/vetsci5020036
[62]

Bello AE, Oesser S. 2006. Collagen hydrolysate for the treatment of osteoarthritis and other joint disorders: a review of the literature. Current Medical Research and Opinion 22:2221−32

doi: 10.1185/030079906X148373
[63]

Gencoglu H, Orhan C, Sahin E, Sahin K. 2020. Undenatured Type II Collagen (UC-II) in joint health and disease: a review on the current knowledge of companion animals. Animals 10:697

doi: 10.3390/ani10040697
[64]

Musial C, Kuban-Jankowska A, Gorska-Ponikowska M. 2020. Beneficial Properties of Green Tea Catechins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21:1744

doi: 10.3390/ijms21051744
[65]

Singh R, Ahmed S, Islam N, Goldberg VM, Haqqi TM. 2002. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and production of nitric oxide in human chondrocytes: suppression of nuclear factor κB activation by degradation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB. Arthritis and Rheumatism 46:2079−86

doi: 10.1002/art.10443
[66]

Akhtar N, Haqqi TM. 2011. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses the global interleukin-1β-induced inflammatory response in human chondrocytes. Arthritis Research & Therapy 13:R93

doi: 10.1186/ar3368
[67]

Ahmed S, Wang N, Lalonde M, Goldberg VM, Haqqi TM. 2004. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) differentially inhibits interleukin-1 β-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -13 in human chondrocytes. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 308:767−73

doi: 10.1124/jpet.103.059220
[68]

Kotha RR, Luthria DL. 2019. Curcumin: biological, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and analytical aspects. Molecules 24:2930

doi: 10.3390/molecules24162930
[69]

Zeng L, Yu G, Hao W, Yang K, Chen H. 2021. The efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa extract and curcumin supplements on osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bioscience Reports 41:BSR20210817

doi: 10.1042/BSR20210817
[70]

Chandran B, Goel A. 2012. A randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Phytotherapy Research 26:1719−25

doi: 10.1002/ptr.4639
[71]

Chen B, Li H, Ou G, Ren L, Yang X, et al. 2019. Curcumin attenuates MSU crystal-induced inflammation by inhibiting the degradation of IκBα and blocking mitochondrial damage. Arthritis Research & Therapy 21:193

doi: 10.1186/s13075-019-1974-z
[72]

Henrotin Y, Clutterbuck AL, Allaway D, Lodwig EM, Harris P, et al. 2010. Biological actions of curcumin on articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18:141−49

doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.10.002
[73]

Tian B, Liu J. 2020. Resveratrol: a review of plant sources, synthesis, stability, modification and food application. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 100:1392−404

doi: 10.1002/jsfa.10152
[74]

Collins JA, Moots RJ, Clegg PD, Milner PI. 2015. Resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine influence redox balance in equine articular chondrocytes under acidic and very low oxygen conditions. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 86:57−64

doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.008
[75]

Ememe MU, Abdullahi US, Sackey AKB, Ayo JO, Mshelia WP, Edeh RE. 2016. Effects of a joint supplement whose main components are resveratrol and hyaluronic acid on some biochemical parameters in aged lame horses. Journal of Equine Science 27:19−22

doi: 10.1294/jes.27.19
[76]

Pisanti S, Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, Lamberti A, Ranieri R, et al. 2017. Cannabidiol: state of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 175:133−50

doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.041
[77]

Burstein S. 2015. Cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogs: a review of their effects on inflammation. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 23:1377−85

[78]

Mechoulam R, Peters M, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Hanuš L. 2007. Cannabidiol--recent advances. Chemistry & Biodiversit 4: 1678-92

[79]

Corsato Alvarenga I, MacQuiddy B, Duerr F, Elam LH, McGrath S. 2023. Assessment of cannabidiol use in pets according to a national survey in the USA. Journal of Small Animal Practice 64:513−21

doi: 10.1111/jsap.13619
[80]

Palmoski MJ, Brandt KD. 1979. Effect of calcipenia on proteoglycan metabolism and aggregation in normal articular cartilage in vitro. The Biochemical Journal 182:399−406

doi: 10.1042/bj1820399
[81]

Rhouma M, El-Warrak A, Troncy E, Beaudry F, Chorfi Y. 2013. Anti-inflammatory response of dietary vitamin E and its effects on pain and joint structures during early stages of surgically induced osteoarthritis in dogs. Canadian journal of veterinary research [Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire] 77:191−98

[82]

Martinez SE, Lillico R, Lakowski TM, Martinez SA, Davies NM. 2017. Pharmacokinetic analysis of an oral multicomponent joint dietary supplement (Phycox(®)) in dogs. Pharmaceutics 9:30

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9030030
[83]

Comblain F, Barthélémy N, Lefèbvre M, Schwartz C, Lesponne I, et al. 2017. A randomized, double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of a diet supplemented with curcuminoids extract, hydrolyzed collagen and green tea extract in owner's dogs with osteoarthritis. BMC Veterinary Research 13:395

doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1317-8
[84]

Chen B, He Q, Chen C, Lin Y, Xiao J, et al. 2023. Combination of curcumin and catalase protects against chondrocyte injury and knee osteoarthritis progression by suppressing oxidative stress. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 168:115751

doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115751
[85]

Martello E, Bigliati M, Adami R, Biasibetti E, Bisanzio D, et al. 2022. Efficacy of a dietary supplement in dogs with osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. PLoS One 17:e0263971

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263971
[86]

Logerstedt DS, Ebert JR, MacLeod TD, Heiderscheit BC, Gabbett TJ, et al. 2022. Effects of and Response to Mechanical Loading on the Knee. Sports Medicine 52:201−35

doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01579-7
[87]

Felson DT. 1996. Does excess weight cause osteoarthritis and, if so, why? Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 55:668−70

doi: 10.1136/ard.55.9.668
[88]

Gilbert S, Langenbach A, Marcellin-Little DJ, Pease AP, Ru H. 2019. Stifle joint osteoarthritis at the time of diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament injury is higher in Boxers and in dogs weighing more than 35 kilograms. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 60:280−88

doi: 10.1111/vru.12718
[89]

Bland SD. 2000. Canine osteoarthritis and treatments: a review. Veterinary Science Development 5(2):5931

doi: 10.4081/vsd.2015.5931
[90]

Richardson DC, Schoenherr WD, Zicker SC. 1997. Nutritional Management of Osteoarthritis. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 27:883−911

doi: 10.1016/S0195-5616(97)50085-4
[91]

Döring AK, Junginger J, Hewicker-Trautwein M. 2018. Cruciate ligament degeneration and stifle joint synovitis in 56 dogs with intact cranial cruciate ligaments: correlation of histological findings and numbers and phenotypes of inflammatory cells with age, body weight and breed. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 196:5−13

doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.12.006
[92]

Littman MP, Goldstein RE, Labato MA, Lappin MR, Moore GE. 2006. ACVIM small animal consensus statement on Lyme disease in dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20:422−34

doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02880.x