Back Article

Shukla K, Shukla S, Upadhyay D, Singh V, Mishra A, et al. 2021. Socio-economic assessment of climate change impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Climate Change and the Microbiome: Sustenance of the Ecosphere, eds. Choudhary DK, Mishra A, Varma A. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 661–694 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-76863-8_34

Abbass K, Qasim MZ, Song H, Murshed M, Mahmood H, et al. 2022. A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable mitigation measures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29(28):42539−42559

Jain S, Srivastava A, Khadke L, Chatterjee U, Elbeltagi A. 2024. Global-scale water security and desertification management amidst climate change. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 31(49):58720−58744

Arshad MU, Hassan S, Yasir S. 2023. Exacerbating gender inequalities amidst climate change: vulnerabilities, coping strategies, and resource dynamics. Journal of Humanities, Health and Social Sciences 1(1):35−50

Yadav M, Chandel A, Agrawal H, Quttainah M. 2024. Climate change and global inequality: how does climate change exacerbate existing global inequalities and its implications. In Effects of Climate Change on Social and Economic Factors, eds. Sevinçli BG, Savaş DA. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. pp. 21–48 doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-5792-7.ch002

Athanase M, Sánchez-Benítez A, Monfort E, Jung T, Goessling HF. 2024. How climate change intensified storm Boris' extreme rainfall, revealed by near-real-time storylines. Communications Earth & Environment 5(1):676

Trott CD. 2025. Rewriting the climate story with young climate justice activists. Geographical Research 63(1):134−152

Im ES, Thanh NX, Kim YH, Ahn JB. 2019. 2018 summer extreme temperatures in South Korea and their intensification under 3 °C global warming. Environmental Research Letters 14(9):094020

Irfan M, Ali Musarat M, Alaloul WS, Ghufran M. 2024. Radiative forcing on climate change: assessing the effect of greenhouse gases on energy balance of Earth. In Advances and Technology Development in Greenhouse Gases: Emission, Capture and Conversion, eds. Rahimpour MR, Makarem MA, Meshksar M. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 137–167 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19066-7.00012-6

Kanna IV, Roseline S, Balamurugan K, Jeeva S, Santhiyagu IA. 2024. The effects of greenhouse gas emissions on global warming. In Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, ed. Rahimpour MR. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 143–154 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-93940-9.00216-4

Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, et al. 2014. Technical summary. In Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_technical-summary.pdf

Yue XL, Gao QX. 2018. Contributions of natural systems and human activity to greenhouse gas emissions. Advances in Climate Change Research 9(4):243−252

Mani ZA, Goniewicz K. 2023. Adapting disaster preparedness strategies to changing climate patterns in Saudi Arabia: a rapid review. Sustainability 15(19):14279

Steig F, Oels A. 2025. Governing the climate in the Paris era: organized irresponsibility and normalized disasters. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 16(2):e70001

Godinho C. 2022. Employment impacts of climate policies: a review of ex post evidence. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 13(6):e794

Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Scovronick N, Sera F, Royé D, Schneider R, et al. 2021. The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change. Nature Climate Change 11(6):492−500

Zhao Q, Guo Y, Ye T, Gasparrini A, Tong S, et al. 2021. Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health 5(7):E415−E425

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). 2019. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services. IPBES, Bonn, Germany. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3831673

Archer E, Arneth A, Leadley P, Mori A, Obura D, et al. 2025. Achieving the global biodiversity framework under climate change. Global Change Biology 31(5):e70249

Ganuza C, Redlich S, Uhler J, Tobisch C, Rojas-Botero S, et al. 2022. Interactive effects of climate and land use on pollinator diversity differ among taxa and scales. Science Advances 8(18):eabm9359

Brunet J, Fragoso FP. 2024. What are the main reasons for the worldwide decline in pollinator populations? CABI Reviews 19:1

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. Summary for policymakers. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, eds. Field CB, Barros VR, Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD, et al. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–32 doi: 10.1017/CBO9781107415379.003

Price J, Warren R, Forstenhäusler N. 2024. Biodiversity losses associated with global warming of 1.5 to 4 °C above pre-industrial levels in six countries. Climatic Change 177(3):47

International Energy Agency (IEA). 2021. Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. Paris, France: IEA. doi: 10.1787/c8328405-en

Nguyen DH, Chapman A, Tsuji T. 2023. Assessing the optimal contributions of renewables and carbon capture and storage toward carbon neutrality by 2050. arXiv 2305.05165v1

Clean Air Task Force (CATF). 2024. A vision for the EU net-zero transition. CATF, Boston, MA, USA. https://www.catf.us/resource/a-vision-for-the-eu-net-zero-transition/

European Commission. 2025. 2050 Long-term strategy: EU climate action. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/2050-long-term-strategy_en

Climate Action Network Europe (CAN Europe). 2023. Achieving climate neutrality before 2040: a call for EU leadership. Brussels, Belgium. https://caneurope.org/pac-scenario-climate-neutrality/

Ajayi OO, Toromade AS, Olagoke A. 2024. Climate-Smart Agricultural Finance (CSAF): a model for sustainable investments in agriculture. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 24(2):1−11

Ha S, Hale T, Ogden P. 2016. Climate finance in and between developing countries: an emerging opportunity to build on. Global Policy 7(1):102−108

Lakatos ES, Vatca SD, Cioca LI, Rhazzali BirgovanAL, Kis E, et al. 2025. Standardized metrics in regenerative agriculture for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Agriculture 15(21):2278

Kweyu RM, Asokan SM, Ndesanjo RB, Obando JA, Tumbo MH. 2023. Climate governance in Eastern Africa: the challenges and prospects of climate change adaptation policies. In State Politics and Public Policy in Eastern Africa, ed. Onyango G. Cham (CH): Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 347–369 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-13490-6_16

Obahor G, Asibor G. 2025. Evaluation of International Environmental Laws ratified by Nigeria and implications for national development. International Journal of Sub-Saharan African Research 3(1):562−578

Srinivasan M, Ghoge K, Haldar S, Bazaz AB, Revi A, 2023. Climate finance in India 2023. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, Bangalore, India. doi: 10.24943/CFI11.2023

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 1997. Kyoto protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UNFCCC, Bonn, Germany. https://unfccc.int/documents/2409

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2023. What is climate finance and why do we need more of it? UNDP, New York, USA. https://climatepromise.undp.org/news-and-stories/what-climate-finance-and-why-do-we-need-more-it/

Demski J, Dong Y, McGuire P, Mojon B. 2025. Growth of the green bond market and greenhouse gas emissions. BIS Quarterly Review 2025:53−71

Nedopil C, Sun T. 2025. Current perspectives on debt-for-nature swaps: moving from exploratory to empirical research. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 74:101538

Chen Y, Wu F, Zhang D. 2024. Global climate finance architecture: institutional development. In Climate Finance: Supporting a Sustainable Energy Transition, eds. Wu F, Zhang D, Ji Q. Singapore: Springer Nature. pp. 51–100 doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-3308-8_2

Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). 2023. How big is the net zero financing gap? CPI, San Francisco, CA, USA. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/How-big-is-the-Net-Zero-financing-gap-2023.pdf

Global Environment Facility (GEF). 2023. Global environment facility annual report. GEF, Washington, DC, USA. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/GEF%20Report%20to%20UNFCCC%20COP28.pdf

Lee CC, Li X, Yu CH, Zhao J. 2022. The contribution of climate finance toward environmental sustainability: new global evidence. Energy Economics 111:106072

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2024. Climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries in 2016–2020. OECD, Paris, France. doi: 10.1787/286dae5d-en

Liu Z, Chi P. 2024. Newly evidence across the world on how climate financing helps in ensuring a greener future. Heliyon 10(14):e34779

Biancardi A, Califano F, D'Adamo I, Gastaldi M, Kostakis I. 2025. A distributed and sustainable model for future cities: a profitability analysis of integrated photovoltaic systems with storage under different incentive policies. Energy Policy 205:114691

Alharbi SS, Al Mamun M, Boubaker S, Rizvi SKA. 2023. Green finance and renewable energy: worldwide evidence. Energy Economics 118:106499

Li C, Chen Z, Wu Y, Zuo X, Jin H, et al. 2022. Impact of green finance on China's high-quality economic development, environmental pollution, and energy consumption. Frontiers in Environmental Science 10:1032586

World Bank. 2024. Climate-smart agriculture: from knowledge to implementation. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/results/2024/12/05/climate-smart-agriculture-from-knowledge-to-implementation

Global Environment Facility (GEF). 2024. New USD 282 million program targets climate and environment action through agriculture and food systems. GEF, Washington, DC, USA. https://www.thegef.org/newsroom/press-releases/new-282-million-gef-program-targets-climate-and-environment-action-through

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). 2024. IDB approves climate-smart agriculture fund. IDB, Washington, DC, USA. https://www.iadb.org/en/news/idb-approves-climate-smart-agriculture-fund

Godfrey N, Zhao X. 2016. Financing the urban transition for sustainable development: better finance for better cities. Coalition for Urban Transitions, London, UK and Washington, DC, USA. https://urbantransitions.global/en/publication/financing-the-urban-transition-for-sustainable-development-better-finance-for-better-cities/

Domenech T, Bahn-Walkowiak B. 2019. Transition towards a resource-efficient circular economy in Europe: policy lessons from the EU and the member states. Ecological Economics 155:7−19

World Economic Forum (WEF). 2023. How to mobilise climate-smart agriculture finance. WEF, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/05/climate-smart-agriculture-finance/

Center for Global Development (CGD). 2023. Bigger, not better: climate finance quality needs attention. CGD, Washington, DC, USA. www.cgdev.org/blog/bigger-not-better-climate-finance-quality-needs-attention

Overseas Development Institute (ODI). 2024. Providing climate finance in the context of a looming debt crisis. ODI, London, UK. https://odi.org/en/insights/providing-climate-finance-in-the-context-of-a-looming-debt-crisis/

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2022. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (AR6 WGII). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/9781009325844

Kouwenberg R, Zheng C. 2023. A review of the global climate finance literature. Sustainability 15(2):1255

International Energy Agency (IEA). 2024. Renewable electricity generation projections to 2030. IEA, Paris, France. www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2024

Shahsavari A, Akbari M. 2018. Potential of solar energy in developing countries for reducing energy-related emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 90:275−291

Kennedy R. 2023. NREL develops perovskite solar cells with 93% bifaciality. pv Magazine International. www.pv-magazine.com/2023/07/18/nrel-develops-bifacial-perovskite-solar-cells-with-93-bifaciality/

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 2023. Bifacial perovskite solar cells point to higher efficiency. NREL News Release. www.nrel.gov/news/press/2023/news-release-bifacial-perovskite-solar-cells-point-to-higher-efficiency.html

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). 2017. Rethinking energy 2017: accelerating the global energy transformation. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, UAE. www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/IRENA_REthinking_Energy_2017.pdf

United States Department of Energy (DOE). 2024. Land-based wind market report. DOE, Washington, DC, USA. www.energy.gov/eere/wind/land-based-wind-market-report-2024-edition

Renewable Watch. 2024. Scaling new heights: advancements in wind turbine technology. Renewable Watch, August 2024. https://renewablewatch.in/2024/08/22/scaling-new-heights-advancements-in-wind-turbine-technology/

Virtanen EA, Lappalainen J, Nurmi M, Viitasalo M, Tikanmäki M, et al. 2022. Balancing profitability of energy production, societal impacts, and biodiversity in offshore wind farm design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 158:112087

International Hydropower Association. 2022. Hydropower status report. London, UK. www.hydropower.org/publications/2022-hydropower-status-report

The New Yorker. 2022. The renewable-energy revolution will need renewable storage. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/04/25/the-renewable-energy-revolution-will-need-renewable-storage

Meylani V, Busaeri N, Radjasa OK, Hiron N, Mutiara F. 2025. Comprehensive review of carbon capture technologies for climate change mitigation. Indonesian Journal of Energy 8(1):62−74

Holz F, Scherwath T, Crespo del Granado P, Skar C, Olmos L, et al. 2021. A 2050 perspective on the role for carbon capture and storage in the European power system and industry sector. Energy Economics 104:105631

Wang F, Liu J, Qin G, Zhang J, Zhou J, et al. 2023. Coastal blue carbon in China as a nature-based solution toward carbon neutrality. The Innovation 4(5):100481

Griscom BW, Adams J, Ellis PW, Houghton RA, Lomax G, Miteva DA, et al. 2017. Natural climate solutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(44):11645−11650

de Coninck H, Benson SM. 2014. Carbon dioxide capture and storage: issues and prospects. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 39:243−270

Wang X, Chen H, Liang H, Liu Y, Chen B, et al. 2025. Comprehensive evaluation of CO₂ geological storage: mechanisms, methods and project progress. Sustainable Geosciences: People, Planet and Prosperity 1:100010

International Energy Agency (IEA). 2022. CCUS in clean energy transitions: a key pathway. IEA, Paris, France. www.iea.org/reports/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions

Nemeth KJ, Berry P, Gray KS, Wernette B, Hill GR, et al. 2021. Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership Phase III final report. National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. doi: 10.2172/1823250

Chen SE, Liu Y. 2018. Geophysical monitoring of CO₂ injection at Citronelle Field, Alabama. In Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration, ed. Agarwal RK. London, UK: IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.78386

Hanson E, Nwakile C, Hammed VO. 2025. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies: evaluating the effectiveness of advanced CCUS solutions for reducing CO₂ emissions. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces 18:100381

Chen Y, Lu Y, Qi B, Ma Q, Zang K, et al. 2024. Atmospheric CO₂ in the megacity Hangzhou, China: urban-suburban differences, sources and impact factors. Science of The Total Environment 926:171635

Mahajan N, Garg S. 2020. Technology and sustainable solutions: an approach for curbing air pollution in India: way forward lessons to learn. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 9(4):347−354

Wang Q, Yu M, Li L. 2025. Performance analysis and optimization of a solar-powered system for power and cooling cogeneration. Solar Energy 292:113443

Shamim N, Emelike PC, Dike BC, Hasan F. 2025. From solubility mechanisms to scalable solutions: the evolving landscape of ionic liquids for CO₂ capture. Journal of Ionic Liquids 6:100185

Sun Y, Hao Y. 2025. Green bonds and corporate environmental performance: the role of third-party certification. International Review of Economics & Finance 104:104621

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 2023. Annual report 2023: accelerating resilience for all. UNDRR, Geneva, Switzerland. www.undrr.org/annual-report/2023/

Kim JH, Kim DP. 2024. Analysis of water surface area change in reservoirs using satellite images. KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research 44(5):629−636

Kim ST, Lee WS, Jung IW, Han JM, Byun YH, et al. 2023. Change in extreme precipitation by watersheds of South Korea under future shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) scenarios. Journal of Climate Change Research 14(2):83−93

Baek WK, Jung HS. 2019. Change detection techniques using multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar imagery. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 35(5-1):737−750

Zhu Z. 2017. Change detection using Landsat time series: a review of frequencies, preprocessing, algorithms, and applications. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 130:370−384

Lee WJ, Park SC, Kim SW, Lee DK. 2018. Application of satellite imagery to earthquake and volcano research. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 34(6-4):1469−1478

Al Shafian S, Hu D. 2024. Integrating machine learning and remote sensing in disaster management: a decadal review of post-disaster building damage assessment. Buildings 14(8):2344

Rignot EJM, van Zyl JJ. 1993. Change detection techniques for ERS-1 SAR data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 31(4):896−906

Zhang M, Chen Z, Wang J, Kar B, Pierce M, et al. 2025. Optical remote sensing for global flood disaster mapping: a critical review towards operational readiness. Remote Sensing 17(11):1886

Park J, Lee D, Lee J, Cheon E, Jeong H. 2023. Study on disaster response strategies using multi-sensor satellite imagery. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 39(5-2):755−770

Wang X, Dong X, Zhang Z, Wang Y. 2024. Transportation carbon reduction technologies: a review of fundamentals, application, and performance. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 11(6):1340−1377

Chen Z, Zhang L, Cao Y, Chen H. 2024. Global insights from local actions: a case study on enhancing flood disaster management efficiency in China's Greater Bay Area. Water Science & Technology 90(1):45−60

Gan KE, Taikan O, Gan TY, Weis T, Yamazaki D, et al. 2023. Enhancing renewable energy systems, contributing to sustainable development goals of united nation and building resilience against climate change impacts. Energy Technology 11(11):2300275

Pigato M, Black SJ, Dussaux D, Mao Z, McKenna M, et al. 2020. Technology Transfer and Innovation for Low-Carbon Development. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1500-3

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2023. Accelerating technology development and transfer through the joint work programme of the Technology Mechanism (2023–2027). UNFCCC, Bonn, Germany. https://unfccc.int/about-us/partnerships/current-calls-for-partnerships/accelerating-technology-development-and-transfer-through-the-joint-work-programme-of-the-technology

United Nations Environment Programme. 2024. Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs provides DKK 30 million in funding towards CTCN to ensure developing countries meet NDCs. Press release. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/danish-ministry-foreign-affairs-provides-dkk-30-million-funding

Vergara W, Rios AR, Galindo Paliza LM, Gutman P, Isbell P, et al. 2013. The climate and development challenge for Latin America and the Caribbean: options for climate-resilient, low-carbon development. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, USA. https://publications.iadb.org/publications/spanish/document/El-desafío-climático-y-de-desarrollo-en-América-Latina-y-el-Caribe-Opciones-para-un-desarrollo-resiliente-al-clima-y-bajo-en-carbono.pdf

Third World Network. 2024. Technology transfer to support just transitions towards sustainable development in developing countries. TWN Climate Change Series No. 8. Third World Network, Penang, Malaysia. https://twn.my/title2/climate/series/cc08.pdf

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). 2022. WIPO GREEN: the green technology book 2022: solutions for climate change adaptation. WIPO Publication No. 1080E. WIPO, Geneva, Switzerland. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3996871/files/wipo-pub-1080-en-green-technology-book.pdf

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. 2024. Arab sustainable development report 2024 (ASDR 2024). United Nations ESCWA, Lebanon, Beirut. https://asdr-2024.unescwa.org/

Maltais A, Nykvist B. 2020. Understanding the role of green bonds in advancing sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment 11(3):1−20

Nguyen LH, Le HT. 2025. Impact of green bond on renewable energy transition. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of Science − Economics and Business Administration 15(3):136−159

Bhutta US, Tariq A, Farrukh M, Raza A, Iqbal MK. 2022. Green bonds for sustainable development: review of literature on development and impact of green bonds. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 175:121378

World Bank Group. 2015. Finance for climate action: Measuring climate finance at the World Bank Group. World Bank Group, Washington DC, USA. https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/330931509986403130/pdf/Finance-for-Climate-Action-2015.pdf

Mwenketishi GT, Benkreira H, Rahmanian N. 2023. A comprehensive review on carbon dioxide sequestration methods. Energies 16(24):7971

Angulo MG, Batista MT, Caicedo MIG. 2024. Advances and challenges of a circular economy (CM) in agriculture in Ibero-America: a bibliometric perspective. Sustainability 16(24):11266

Nakhooda S, Norman M, Barnard S, Watson C, Greenhill R, et al. 2014. Climate finance: is it making a difference? A review of the effectiveness of multilateral climate funds. Overseas Development Institute, London, UK. https://odi.org/en/publications/climate-finance-is-it-making-a-difference-a-review-of-the-effectiveness-of-multilateral-climate-funds/

Nijsse FJMM, Mercure JF, Ameli N, Larosa F, Kothari S, Rickman J, et al. 2023. The momentum of the solar energy transition. Nature Communications 14(1):6542

International Energy Agency (IEA). 2024. Renewables 2024: analysis and forecasts to 2030. International Energy Agency, Paris, France. https://iea.org/reports/renewables-2024

REN21. 2025. Renewables 2025 global status report. Solar PV section. REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France. https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2025/

Bachu S. 2015. Review of CO₂ storage efficiency in deep saline aquifers. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 40:188−202

Ringrose PS, Furre AK, Gilfillan SMV, Krevor S, Landrø M, et al. 2021. Storage of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers: physicochemical processes, key constraints, and scale-up potential. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 12:471−494

U. S. Geological Survey. 2025. What's the difference between geologic and biologic carbon sequestration? U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. www.usgs.gov/faqs/whats-difference-between-geologic-and-biologic-carbon-sequestration

Im J, Sohn HG, Kim DJ, Choi J. 2020. Remote sensing-assisted disaster monitoring and risk analysis. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 36(5):1007−1011

United Nations General Assembly. 2016. Resolution 71/251: Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations, New York, USA. https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/251

Li Q, Sharif A, Razzaq A, Yu Y. 2022. Do climate technology, financialization, and sustainable finance impede environmental challenges? Evidence from G10 economies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 185:122095

Donner SD, Kandlikar M, Webber S. 2016. Measuring and tracking the flow of climate change adaptation aid to the developing world. Environmental Research Letters 11(5):054006

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2022. Sharm el-Sheikh implementation plan. UNFCCC, Bonn, Germany. https://unfccc.int/documents/621908

Minas S. 2021. The Paris Agreement goal on finance flows. Legal Response International (LRI) Briefing Paper 3/2021. LRI, London, UK. https://legalresponse.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/LRI-brief-3-2021-Art.2.1.c.pdf

Lecocq F, Winkler H, Daka JP, Fu S, Gerber JS, et al. 2023. Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term. In Climate Change 2022 − Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. IPCC. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 409−502 doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006

Timperley J. 2021. The broken USD100-billion promise of climate finance—and how to fix it. Nature 598(7881):400−402

Marquardt J, Fünfgeld A, Elsässer JP. 2023. Institutionalizing climate change mitigation in the Global South: current trends and future research. Earth System Governance 15:100163

Jacobs M, Getzel B, Colenbrander S. 2024. International development and climate finance: the new agenda. ODI Report. ODI, London, UK. https://media.odi.org/documents/International_development_and_climate_finance_the_new_agenda_vUEzt6I.pdf

Hadhri S, Zargar FN, Naeem MA, Chibani F. 2025. Bridging sustainable finance, AI, and clean technology amid economic shocks: how are they connected in median and extreme conditions? Journal of Environmental Management 391:126375

Alam A, Tri Ratnasari R, Latifathul Jannah I, El Ashfahany A. 2023. Development and evaluation of Islamic green financing: a systematic review of green sukuk. Environmental Economics 14(1):61−72

Fatica S, Panzica R. 2024. Sustainable investing in times of crisis: evidence from bond holdings and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Banking & Finance 166:107238

Surminski S. 2013. The role of insurance risk transfer in encouraging climate investment in developing countries. In Harnessing Foreign Investment to Promote Environmental Protection, eds. Dupuy PM, Viñuales JE. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–253 doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139344289.012

Mejía-Escobar JC, González-Ruiz JD, Franco-Sepúlveda G. 2021. Current state and development of green bonds market in the Latin America and the Caribbean. Sustainability 13(19):10872

World Bank. 2021. Climate explainer: green bonds. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/12/08/what-you-need-to-know-about-ifc-s-green-bonds

Zhou D, Kythreotis A. 2024. Why issue green bonds? Examining their dual impact on environmental protection and economic benefits. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11:1761

Gomez-Gonzalez JE, Uribe JM, Valencia OM. 2025. Asymmetric sovereign risk: implications for climate change preparation. World Development 188:106908

Hellmuth ME, Osgood DE, Hess U, Moorhead A, Bhojwani H. 2009. Index Insurance and Climate Risk. New York, USA: Columbia University Press. https://iri.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Climate-and-Society-Issue-Number-2.pdf

World Bank Group. 2019. Global Index Insurance Facility (GIIF) factsheet. World Bank Group, Washington DC, USA. www.indexinsuranceforum.org/sites/default/files/GIIF%20Factsheet%20ENG%20Feb%202019_0.pdf

Awah LS, Belle JA, Nyam YS, Orimoloye IR. 2024. A systematic analysis of systems approach and flood risk management research: trends, gaps, and opportunities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 15:45−57

Osborne SP, Murray V. 2000. Understanding the process of public-private partnerships. In Public-Private Partnerships: Theory and Practice in International Perspective, ed. Osborne SP. London: Routledge, pp. 71–84 doi: 10.4324/9780203207116

World Bank. 2023. Building stronger institutions to mobilize private capital in infrastructure. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. www.worldbank.org/en/results/2023/04/20/building-stronger-institutions-to-mobilize-private-capital-in-infrastructure

Black S, Parry IWH, Zhunossova K. 2023. Is the Paris Agreement working? A stocktake of global climate mitigation. Staff Climate Notes 2023(2):43

World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), London School of Economics and Political Science, Brookings Institution. 2023. The Big Push for Transformation Through Climate and Development. IMF Analytical Notes 2023/002. IMF, Washington, DC, USA. doi: 10.5089/9798400235689.064

Casady CB, Eriksson K, Levitt RE, Scott WR. 2020. (Re)defining public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the new public governance (NPG) paradigm: an institutional maturity perspective. Public Management Review 22(2):161−183

International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2022. Managing climate risks in infrastructure PPPs in developing countries. IMF PFM Blog. https://blog-pfm.imf.org/en/pfmblog/2022/10/managing-climate-risks-in-infrastructure-ppps-in-developing-countries

Haqq AM, Gultom YML. 2022. The challenge of implementing public-private partnerships: a transaction costs perspective on waste to energy projects in Indonesia. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 27(3):365−386

Global Infrastructure Hub (GIH). 2022. Infrastructure monitor 2022: global trends in private investment in infrastructure. GIH, Sydney, Australia. https://cdn.gihub.org/umbraco/media/5262/gih-infrastructure-monitor-2022-report-may-2023.pdf

Bisaro A, Hinkel J. 2018. Mobilizing private finance for coastal adaptation: a literature review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 9(3):e514

World Resources Institute (WRI). 2023. Shifting and mobilizing private finance. WRI, Washington, DC, USA. www.wri.org/paying-for-paris/shifting-and-mobilizing-private-finance

Blowers A. 1998. Power, participation, and partnership. In Co-operative Environmental Governance, ed. Glasbergen P. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 229–249 doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-5143-6_11

World Association of PPP Units and Professionals. 2024. Small-Scale Public-Private Partnerships (SSPPP) initiative. WAPPP, Geneva, Switzerland. https://wappp.net/small-scale-ppps/

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2016. Adaptation gap report 2016: the adaptation finance gap. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/32865

Corfee-Morlot J, Marchal V, Kauffman C, Kennedy C, Stewart F, et al. 2012. Towards a green investment policy framework. OECD Environment Working Papers No. 48. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France. doi: 10.1787/5k8zth7s6s6d-en

Hunt PC, Noble G. 2020. Reconsidering PPPs in developing countries. International Institute for Sustainable Development (Deep Dive), Winnipeg, Canada. www.iisd.org/articles/deep-dive/reconsidering-ppps-developing-countries

Cao J, Chen X, Qiu R, Hou S. 2021. Electric vehicle industry sustainable development with a stakeholder engagement system. Technology in Society 67:101771

Lei J, Indiran L, Abdul Kohar UH, Liu H. 2024. Analyzing key factors impacting disruptive innovations in new energy vehicle (nev) sector: a multi-case study in China. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 14(1):20508

Ørsted. 2024. Green bond impact report 2023. Ørsted, Fredericia, Denmark https://cdn.orsted.com/-/media/annual-report-2023/green-bond-impact-report-2023.pdf

Maino A. 2022. Financing the energy transition: the role, opportunities and challenges of green bonds. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (OIES) Paper: ET 07. OIES, Oxford, UK. www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Financing-the-Energy-Transition-The-Role-Opportunities-and-Challenges-of-Green-Bonds-ET07.pdf

Soundarrajan P, Vivek N. 2016. Green finance for sustainable green economic growth in India. Agricultural Economics 62(1):35−44

Villalba R, Joshi G, Daum T, Venus TE. 2024. Financing climate-smart agriculture: a case study from the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 29:33

Jalia A, Bakker R, Ramage M. 2018. The Edge, Amsterdam: showcasing an exemplary IoT building. Centre for Digital Built Britain (CDBB), University of Cambridge, UK. www.cdbb.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/TheEdge_Paper_LOW1.pdf

Ruan L, Yang L, Dong K. 2024. Corporate green innovation: the influence of ESG information disclosure. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 9(4):100628

Khan T, Khanam SN, Rahman MH, Rahman SM. 2019. Determinants of microfinance facility for installing solar home system (SHS) in rural Bangladesh. Energy Policy 132:299−308

Miskat MI, Sarker P, Chowdhury H, Chowdhury T, Rahman MS, et al. 2023. Current scenario of solar energy applications in Bangladesh: techno-economic perspective, policy implementation, and possibility of the integration of artificial intelligence. Energies 16(3):1494

Buřivalová Z, Yoh N, Butler RA, Sathya Chandra Sagar HS, Game ET. 2023. Broadening the focus of forest conservation beyond carbon. Current Biology 33(11):R621−R635

Lunga W, Musarurwa C, Kunguma O, Sobane K, Baloyi C, et al. 2025. Critical zones, disaster risk science, and education for sustainable development in Africa. Frontiers in Education 10:1635554

Kukah ASK, Jin X, Oser Kyei R, Perera S. 2025. Major global carbon emissions trading schemes: a comprehensive review and future directions. Construction Innovation

Silva JMC, Araujo LS, Torres RR, Barbosa LCF. 2024. The sustainability of development pathways and climate change vulnerability in the Americas. Ecological Economics 220:108164

Lutta A, Kehbila A, Kisang O, Osano P, Macharia P. 2025. Climate finance landscape in arid and semi-arid counties of Kenya. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Report. SEI, Stockholm, Sweden. doi: 10.51414/sei2025.054

Wildlife Conservation Society Cambodia. 2025. Waterbirds & ecotourism − Tmatboey Ibis project. Wildlife Conservation Society Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia https://cambodia.wcs.org/Wildlife/Ibis-Other-Waterbirds/Waterbirds-Ecotourism.aspx

Permian Global. 2024. Katingan Mentaya Project: peatland restoration and conservation. Permian Global, London, UK. https://permianglobal.com/our-work/katingan-mentaya-project/

de Jesus Acosta-Silva Y, Torres-Pacheco I, Matsumoto Y, Toledano-Ayala M, Soto-Zarazúa GM, et al. 2019. Applications of solar and wind renewable energy in agriculture: a review. Science Progress 102(2):127−140

Baniya B, Giurco D. 2025. Net zero energy buildings and climate resilience narratives − navigating the interplay in the building asset maintenance and management. Energy Reports 13:1632−1648

Khan M, Khan I. 2024. Achieving environmental sustainability through technological innovation, good governance and financial development: perspectives from low income countries. Sustainable Futures 8:100392

Sarku R, Kranjac-Berisavljevic G. 2025. Just digital green economy transition in Ghana's smallholder agricultural sector: a systematic review. Cogent Food & Agriculture 11(1):2588880

Ojadi JO, Owulade OA, Odionu CS, Onukwulu EC. 2025. Blockchain and IoT for transparent carbon tracking and emission reduction in global supply chains. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 12(2):78−118

Observer Research Foundation (ORF). 2024. Exploring the inequities of climate finance. ORF, New Delhi, India. www.orfonline.org/research/exploring-the-inequities-of-climate-finance

Cissé B, El Amine B, Anuga S, Metougui M, Gerard B, et al. 2024. A 4R framework for climate finance: a pathway for effective climate finance allocation. Growing Africa 3(2):20−24

Gifford L, Knudson C. 2020. Climate finance justice: international perspectives on climate policy, social justice, and capital. Climatic Change 161(2):243−249

Mathur A, Jaspal M. 2021. The Geoeconomics of climate finance. Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi, India. www.orfonline.org/research/the-geoeconomics-of-climate-finance

Ameli N, Dessens O, Winning M, Cronin J, Chenet H, et al. 2021. Higher cost of finance exacerbates a climate investment trap in developing economies. Nature Communications 12(1):4046

Shcherbakova O. 2025. Patterns and specific features of climate finance in the world. Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice 4(63):316−329

United Nations Office of the High Representative for LDCs, LLDCs and SIDS. 2024. Financing for development of small island developing states. United Nations, New York, USA. www.un.org/ohrlls/sites/www.un.org.ohrlls/files/financing_for_development_for_sids_report_advance_unedited.pdf

Akiwumi PA. 2022. Climate finance for SIDS is shockingly low. UNCTAD Policy Brief. UNCTAD, Geneva, Switzerland. https://unctad.org/news/blog-climate-finance-sids-shockingly-low-why-needs-change

Costantinos CB. 2024. Climate finance in debt distressed nations. Respublica Literaria 21(786)

Nor MI, Ali Mohamed A. 2024. Investigating the complex landscape of climate finance in least developed countries (LDCs). Discover Environment 2(1):76

Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). 2024. Global landscape of climate finance 2024. CPI, San Francisco, CA, USA. www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2024/

Ijjasz-Vasquez E, Saghir J, Richmond M. 2024. Finance for climate adaptation in Africa still insufficient. Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, USA. www.brookings.edu/articles/finance-for-climate-adaptation-in-africa-still-insufficient-and-losing-ground/

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2023. Adaptation gap report 2023: underfinanced. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. doi: 10.59117/20.500.11822/43796

Przestrzelska K, Wartalska K, Rosińska W, Jurasz J, Kaźmierczak B. 2024. Climate resilient cities: a review of blue-green solutions worldwide. Water Resources Management 38(15):5885−5910

Li Y, Svenning JC, Zhou W, Zhu K, Abrams JF, et al. 2024. Green spaces provide substantial but unequal urban cooling globally. Nature Communications 15(1):7108

Baležentis T, Streimikiene D, Zhang T, Liobikiene G. 2019. The role of bioenergy in greenhouse gas emission reduction in EU countries: an environmental Kuznets curve modelling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 142:225−231

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2024. Enhancing livelihoods and strengthening climate resilience in rural communities in Guatemala. FAO, Rome, Italy. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0522en

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2022. Participatory education in faith communities for climate resilience. NOAA, Washington, DC, USA. www.noaa.gov/education/grants/2022-2023-environmental-literacy-program-grants-and-awards

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2024. Progress in implementing activities under the Glasgow work programme on Action for Climate Empowerment. UNESCO, Paris, France. https://unfccc.int/documents/640946

Chetri P, Sharma U, Ilavarasan PV. 2024. Weather information, farm-level climate adaptation and farmers' adaptive capacity: examining the role of information and communication technologies. Environmental Science & Policy 151:103630

Nega TA, Alemu BA, Kassie KE. 2025. Adaptation practices of smallholder farmers to climate variability: evidence from three agroecological zones in northwestern Ethiopia. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 10:100305

Dutta P, Vellingiri S, Singh S, Sathish LM, Pingle S, et al. 2020. Combating climate change-induced heat stress: assessing cool roofs and its impact on the indoor ambient temperature of the households in the urban slums of Ahmedabad. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 24(1):25−29

Global Commission on Adaptation. 2019. Adapt now: a global call for leadership on climate resilience. Global Center on Adaptation, Rotterdam, Netherlands. https://gca.org/reports/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience/

Kerr S, Hu X. 2025. Filling the climate finance gap: holistic approaches to mobilise private finance in developing economies. npj Climate Action 4(1):16

Tomlinson B. 2022. International climate finance and development effectiveness. In The Political Economy of Climate Finance: Lessons from International Development, eds. Cash C, Swatuk LA. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 45–74 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-12619-2_3

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2025. Global outlook on financing for sustainable development 2025. OECD, Paris, France. doi: 10.1787/753d5368-en

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2024. Trillion-dollar shift needed to align global finance with climate and development goals. UNCTAD, Geneva, Switzerland. https://unctad.org/news/trillion-dollar-shift-urgently-needed-align-global-finance-climate-and-development-goals

Deloitte. 2022. Banking on natural capital: unlock the true value of nature. Deloitte Insights report. www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/legacy/docs/perspectives/2022/gx-banking-on-natural-capital.pdf (accessed January 2026)

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2017. Rapid urbanization increases climate risk for billions. UNFCCC, Bonn, Germany. https://unfccc.int/ru/node/12367

Fuady M, Buraida B, Kevin MA, Farrel MR, Triaputri A. 2025. Enhancing urban resilience: opportunities and challenges in adapting to natural disasters in Indonesian cities. Sustainability 17(4):1632

Lipper L, Thornton P, Campbell BM, Baedeker T, Braimoh A, et al. 2014. Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change 4(12):1068−1072

Lipper L, Cavatassi R, Symons R, Gordes A, Page O. 2021. Financing adaptation for resilient livelihoods under food system transformation: the role of Multilateral Development Banks. Food Security 13(6):1525−1540

Mazzocchi F. 2006. Western science and traditional knowledge: Despite their variations, different forms of knowledge can learn from each other. EMBO Reports 7(5):463−466

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Integrating the Human Sciences to Scale Societal Responses to Environmental Change: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27129