[1]

Zhao S, Kvale KF, Zhu L, Zettler ER, Egger M, et al. 2025. The distribution of subsurface microplastics in the ocean. Nature 641:51−61

doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08818-1
[2]

Erni-Cassola G, Dolf R, Burkhardt-Holm P. 2024. Microplastics in the water column of the Rhine River near Basel: 22 months of sampling. Environmental Science & Technology 58:5491−5499

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08364
[3]

Materić D, Peacock M, Dean J, Futter M, Maximov T, et al. 2022. Presence of nanoplastics in rural and remote surface waters. Environmental Research Letters 17:054036

doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac68f7
[4]

Ziajahromi S, Lu HC, Dwyer J, Fernandes M, Griffith M, et al. 2024. Transport and accumulation of microplastics from biosolids to Australian agricultural soils: detection of microplastics down to 1 μm. Environmental Science & Technology 58:17048−17057

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04661
[5]

Wu M, Zhong H. 2025. Airborne micro- and nanoplastics: hidden vectors for human infection? New Contaminants 1:e009

doi: 10.48130/newcontam-0025-0010
[6]

Kahane-Rapport SR, Czapanskiy MF, Fahlbusch JA, Friedlaender AS, Calambokidis J, et al. 2022. Field measurements reveal exposure risk to microplastic ingestion by filter-feeding megafauna. Nature Communications 13:6327

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33334-5
[7]

Zhou P, Wang M, DuBay S, Cao Y, Zhang S, et al. 2025. Widespread microplastic and nanoplastic contamination in the intestines of birds: a case study from Chengdu, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 493:138369

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138369
[8]

Nihart AJ, Garcia MA, El Hayek E, Liu R, Olewine M, et al. 2025. Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains. Nature Medicine 31:1114−1119

doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03453-1
[9]

Teng MM, Zhao XL, Wang CJ, Wang C, White JC, et al. 2022. Polystyrene nanoplastics toxicity to zebrafish: dysregulation of the brain–intestine–microbiota axis. ACS Nano 16:8190−8204

doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01872
[10]

Marfella R, Prattichizzo F, Sardu C, Fulgenzi G, Graciotti L, et al. 2024. Microplastics and nanoplastics in atheromas and cardiovascular events. The New England Journal of Medicine 390:900−910

doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2309822
[11]

Zhao J, Lan R, Wang Z, Su W, Song D, et al. 2024. Microplastic fragmentation by rotifers in aquatic ecosystems contributes to global nanoplastic pollution. Nature Nanotechnology 19:406−414

doi: 10.1038/s41565-023-01534-9
[12]

Peng BY, Wang WX. 2024. Microplastics biofragmentation and degradation kinetics in the plastivore insect Tenebrio molitor. Environmental Science & Technology 58:13239−13250

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05113
[13]

Ivleva NP. 2021. Chemical analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics: challenges, advanced methods, and perspectives. Chemical Reviews 121(19):11886−11936

doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00178
[14]

Yang L, Yuan L, Wang WX. 2024. Visible combined near-infrared in situ imaging revealed dynamic effects of microplastic fibers and beads in zebrafish. Environmental Science & Technology 58:16269−16281

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04578
[15]

Zhang L, Tian J, Zhu X, Wang L, Yun X, et al. 2025. Cross-platform detection of microplastics in human biological tissues: comparing spectroscopic and chromatographic approaches. Journal of Hazardous Materials 492:138133

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138133
[16]

Arshad Z, Zafar R, Kim MS, Lee YK, He H, et al. 2026. Source-specific quantification of microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter in sludge liquor using δ13C-labeled sludge and isotopic fingerprinting under varying conditioning treatments. Water Research 288:124735

doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.124735
[17]

Fagiano V, Cole M, Coppock RL, Lindeque PK. 2025. Real-time visualization reveals copepod mediated microplastic flux. Journal of Hazardous Materials 500:140551

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140551
[18]

Okkelman IA, Zhou H, Borisov SM, Debruyne AC, Lefebvre AEYT, et al. 2025. Visualizing the internalization and biological impact of nanoplastics in live intestinal organoids by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM). Light: Science & Applications 14:272

doi: 10.1038/s41377-025-01949-0
[19]

Zhang J, Campbell RE, Ting AY, Tsien RY. 2002. Creating new fluorescent probes for cell biology. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 3:906−918

doi: 10.1038/nrm976
[20]

Ding D, Li K, Liu B, Tang BZ. 2013. Bioprobes based on AIE fluorogens. Accounts of Chemical Research 46:2441−2453

doi: 10.1021/ar3003464
[21]

Pei Y, Sun Y, Huang M, Zhang Z, Yan D, et al. 2022. Ir(III) complexes with AIE characteristics for biological applications. Biosensors 12(12):1104

doi: 10.3390/bios12121104
[22]

Wang M, Huang Z, Wu C, Yan S, Fang HT, et al. 2024. Stimulated raman scattering microscopy reveals bioaccumulation of small microplastics in protozoa from natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology 58(6):2922−2930

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07486
[23]

Macairan JR, Saherwala A, Li F, Monteil-Rivera F, Tufenkji N. 2025. Label-free identification and imaging of microplastic and nanoplastic biouptake using optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy. Environmental Science & Technology 59:15612−15622

doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c14367
[24]

Luo WQ, Cao MT, Sun CX, Wang JJ, Gao MX, et al. 2025. Size-dependent internalization of polystyrene microplastics as a key factor in macrophages and systemic toxicity. Journal of Hazardous Materials 490:137701

doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137701