doi:10.48130/opr-0025-0050

[1]

Su JS, Jai DW, Wang SY, Zhang F, Jiang JF, et al. 2022. Retrospection and prospect of Chrysanthemum genetic breeding for last six decades in China. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 49:2143−2162 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2022-0859

[2]

Hao DC, Song Y, Xiao P, Zhong Y, Wu P, et al. 2022. The genus Chrysanthemum: phylogeny, biodiversity, phytometabolites, and chemodiversity. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:973197

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.973197

[3]

Liu Y, Lu C, Zhou J, Zhou F, Gui A, et al. 2024. Chrysanthemum morifolium as a traditional herb: a review of historical development, classification, phytochemistry, pharmacology and application. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 330:118198

doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118198

[4]

Zhang X, Su J, Jia F, He Y, Liao Y, et al. 2024. Genetic architecture and genomic prediction of plant height-related traits in chrysanthemum. Horticulture Research 11:uhad236

doi: 10.1093/hr/uhad236

[5]

Lou L, Su J, Ou X, Li C, Wang S, et al. 2023. Multi-locus genome-wide association studies reveal genetic loci and candidate genes for leaf angle traits in cut chrysanthemum. Scientia Horticulturae 322:112406

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112406

[6]

Li D, Xu Y, Tang Y, Zhou T, Li H, et al. 2025. Major gene with polygene inheritance analysis of prostrate growth habit in hybrids of Chrysanthemum yantaiense × C. indicum. Plants 14:1338

doi: 10.3390/plants14091338

[7]

Zhang Q, Li X, Cai S, Li J, Wang J, et al. 2025. Flowering characteristics and expression patterns of key genes in response to photoperiod in different chrysanthemum varieties. Horticulturae 11:5

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae11010005

[8]

Ohmiya A. 2018. Molecular mechanisms underlying the diverse array of petal colors in chrysanthemum flowers. Breeding Science 68:119−127

doi: 10.1270/jsbbs.17075

[9]

Song X, Gao K, Fan G, Zhao X, Liu Z, et al. 2018. Quantitative classification of the morphological traits of ray florets in large-flowered chrysanthemum. HortScience 53:1258−1265

doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI13069-18

[10]

Park CH, Cheon SC, Park SY, Kim JK, Kim YJ, et al. 2015. Anthocyanin and carotenoid contents in different cultivars of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) flower. Molecules 20:11090−11102

doi: 10.3390/molecules200611090

[11]

She J, Wu R, Pi B, Huang J, Bao Z. 2025. Emotional state as a key driver of public preferences for flower color. Horticulturae 11:54

doi: 10.3390/horticulturae11010054

[12]

Zhang F, Chen FD, Fang WM, Chen SM, Li FT. 2011. Heterosis and major gene plus polygene mixed genetic analysis for vegetative traits in chrysanthemum. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 47:46−52 (in Chinese)

[13]

Gao K, Song X, Kong D, Dai S. 2020. Genetic analysis of leaf traits in small-flower chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.). Agronomy 10:697

doi: 10.3390/agronomy10050697

[14]

Kumar G, Hiremath VM, Tiwari AK, Vanlalruati, Sindhu SS. 2021. Morpho-metric characterization and genetic variability studies in chrysanthemum. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 19:503−511

doi: 10.1017/S1479262121000629

[15]

Xu Y, Liao B, Ostevik KL, Zhou H, Wang F, et al. 2022. The maternal donor of Chrysanthemum cultivars revealed by comparative analysis of the chloroplast genome. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:923442

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923442

[16]

Gai JY, Wang JK. 1998. Identification and estimation of a QTL model and its effects. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 97:1162−1168

doi: 10.1007/s001220051005

[17]

Zhang YM, Gai JY, Yang YH. 2003. The EIM algorithm in the joint segregation analysis of quantitative traits. Genetics Research 81:157−163

doi: 10.1017/s0016672303006141

[18]

Wang ZF, Wang JF, Wang FH, Bao YM, Wu YY, et al. 2010. Segregation analysis of rice seed germination under cold stress using major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model. Seed Science and Technology 38:104−113

doi: 10.15258/sst.2010.38.1.11

[19]

Zheng WJ, Liu ZH, Zhao JM, Chen WF. 2012. Genetic analysis of stripe disease resistance in rice restorer line C224 using major gene plus polygene mixed effect model. Rice Science 19:202−206

doi: 10.1016/S1672-6308(12)60041-9

[20]

Sun XR, Liu L, Zhi XN, Bai JR, Cui YN, et al. 2019. Genetic analysis of tomato internode length via mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model. Scientia Horticulturae 246:759−764

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.11.044

[21]

Ye YJ, Wu JY, Feng L, Ju YQ, Cai M, et al. 2017. Heritability and gene effects for plant architecture traits of crape myrtle using major gene plus polygene inheritance analysis. Scientia Horticulturae 225:335−342

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.065

[22]

Mekapogu M, Kwon OK, Song HY, Jung JA. 2022. Towards the improvement of ornamental attributes in chrysanthemum: recent progress in biotechnological advances. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:12284

doi: 10.3390/ijms232012284

[23]

Su J, Jiang J, Zhang F, Liu Y, Ding L, et al. 2019. Current achievements and future prospects in the genetic breeding of chrysanthemum: a review. Horticulture Research 6:109

doi: 10.1038/s41438-019-0193-8

[24]

Chen JT, Zhong J, Shi XJ, Zhang QX, Sun M. 2018. Chrysanthemum yantaiense, a rare new species of Asteraceae from China. Phytotaxa 374:92−96

doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.374.1.9

[25]

Zhou T, Li D, Tang Y, Xu Y, Guo Z, et al. 2025. Genotype-specific responses to salinity in chrysanthemum: evaluation and mechanistic insights from salt-tolerant germplasm Chrysanthemum yantaiense. Scientia Horticulturae 342:114031

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2025.114031

[26]

Hochholdinger F, Yu P. 2025. Molecular concepts to explain heterosis in crops. Trends in Plant Science 30:95−104

doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.07.018

[27]

Hong Y, Bai XX, Sun W, Jia FW, Dai SL. 2012. The numerical classification of chrysanthemum flower color phenotype. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 39:1330−1340 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2012.07.018

[28]

Gai J. 2006. Segregation analysis on genetic system of quantitative traits in plants. Frontiers of Biology in China 1:85−92

doi: 10.1007/s11515-005-0001-8

[29]

Zhang YC, Ye YQ, Gu YX, Zhang DP, Nui YJ, et al. 2024. Analysis of genetic law of inflorescence traits and floret color of anemone-type chrysanthemum. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 25:790−799 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.13430/j.cnki.jpgr.20230927002

[30]

Wang JT, Zhang YW, Du YW, Ren WL, Li HF, et al. 2022. SEA v2.0: an R software package for mixed major genes plus polygenes inheritance analysis of quantitative traits. Acta Agronomica Sinica 48:1416−1424

doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14088

[31]

Chen L, Chen Y, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F, et al. 2012. The constitutive expression of Chrysanthemum dichrum ICE1 in Chrysanthemum grandiflorum improves the level of low temperature, salinity and drought tolerance. Plant Cell Reports 31:1747−1758

doi: 10.1007/s00299-012-1288-y

[32]

Zhao HB. 2007. Phylogeny of Tribe Anthemideae (Asteraceae) from East Asia and Intergeneric Cross between Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat. ) Kitam. and Ajania pacifica (Nakai) K. Bremer & Humphries. PhD Dissertation. Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. 181 pp (in Chinese). doi: 10.7666/d.Y1216050

[33]

Ye YQ, Sun LP, Zhang YC, Li Y, Xu J, et al. 2024. Studies on distant crossing compatibility and hybrid ploidy in different ploidy Chrysanthemums. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 51:2329−2342 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2023-0923

[34]

Bar-Zvi D, Lupo O, Levy AA, Barkai N. 2017. Hybrid vigor: the best of both parents, or a genomic clash? Current Opinion in Systems Biology 6:22−27

doi: 10.1016/j.coisb.2017.08.004

[35]

Yi G, Shin H, Park HR, Park JE, Ahn JH, et al. 2020. Revealing biomass heterosis in the allodiploid × Brassicoraphanus, a hybrid between Brassica rapa and Raphanus sativus, through integrated transcriptome and metabolites analysis. BMC Plant Biology 20:252

doi: 10.1186/s12870-020-02470-9

[36]

Li Z, Zhao Y, Luo K. 2024. Molecular mechanisms of heterosis and its applications in tree breeding: progress and perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25:12344

doi: 10.3390/ijms252212344

[37]

Liu W, Zhang Y, He H, He G, Deng XW. 2022. From hybrid genomes to heterotic trait output: challenges and opportunities. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 66:102193

doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102193

[38]

Shi GY, Wang XQ, Han YH, Yang CY, Ma HF, et al. 2021. Heterosis and genetic characteristics analysis for yield and quality related characters in Setaria italica. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 29:349−359 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.11926/jtsb.4296

[39]

Venkateshwarlu C, Kole PC, Paul PJ, Singh AK, Singh VK, et al. 2022. Capturing genetic variability and identification of promising drought-tolerant lines in exotic landrace derived population under reproductive drought stress in rice. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:814774

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.814774

[40]

Boeven PHG, Zhao Y, Thorwarth P, Liu F, Maurer HP, et al. 2020. Negative dominance and dominance-by-dominance epistatic effects reduce grain-yield heterosis in wide crosses in wheat. Science Advances 6:eaay4897

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4897

[41]

Cai W, Gao J, Bi X. 2024. Genetic analysis of flower opening and closing times in hybrids of Iris dichotoma and I. domestica via mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance model. Scientia Horticulturae 338:113675

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113675

[42]

He ZH, Xiao Y, Lv YW, Yeh FC, Wang X, et al. 2023. Prediction of genetic gains from selection in tree breeding. Forests 14:520

doi: 10.3390/f14030520

[43]

Li J, Prentice IC. 2024. Global patterns of plant functional traits and their relationships to climate. Communications Biology 7:1136

doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06777-3

[44]

Lu C, Li Y, Wang J, Qu J, Chen Y, et al. 2021. Flower color classification and correlation between color space values with pigments in potted multiflora chrysanthemum. Scientia Horticulturae 283:110082

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110082

[45]

Song XB, Tian YK, Gao K, Li JZ, Li YF, et al. 2023. Genetic and QTL analysis of flower color and pigments in small-flowered chrysanthemum based on high-density genetic map. Ornamental Plant Research 3:17

doi: 10.48130/OPR-2023-0017

[46]

Wan W, Jia F, Liu Z, Sun W, Zhang X, et al. 2024. Quantitative evaluation and genome-wide association studies of chrysanthemum flower color. Scientia Horticulturae 338:113561

doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113561