[1]

Robinson BR, Netherton JK, Ogle RA, Baker MA. 2023. Testicular heat stress, a historical perspective and two postulates for why male germ cells are heat sensitive. Biological Reviews 98:603−622

doi: 10.1111/brv.12921
[2]

Li B, Xie L, Song M, Zhang X, Yan C, et al. 2025. Evaluation of the efficacy of icariin against heat stress-induced spermatogenic dysfunction in the testes of dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 12:1631149

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1631149
[3]

Zhang P, Zheng Y, Lv Y, Li F, Su L, et al. 2020. Melatonin protects the mouse testis against heat-induced damage. Molecular Human Reproduction 26:65−79

doi: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa002
[4]

Xiong Y, Li J, He S. 2022. Zinc protects against heat stress-induced apoptosis via the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress in TM3 Leydig cells. Biological Trace Element Research 200:728−739

doi: 10.1007/s12011-021-02673-7
[5]

Chen M, Cai H, Yang JL, Lu CL, Liu T, et al. 2008. Effect of heat stress on expression of junction-associated molecules and upstream factors androgen receptor and Wilms' tumor 1 in monkey Sertoli cells. Endocrinology 149:4871−4882

doi: 10.1210/en.2007-1093
[6]

Aldahhan RA, Stanton PG, Ludlow H, de Kretser DM, Hedger MP. 2019. Acute heat-treatment disrupts inhibin-related protein production and gene expression in the adult rat testis. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 498:110546

doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110546
[7]

Reiter RJ, Mayo JC, Tan DX, Sainz RM, Alatorre-Jimenez M, et al. 2016. Melatonin as an antioxidant: under promises but over delivers. Journal of Pineal Research 61:253−278

doi: 10.1111/jpi.12360
[8]

Gerbier R, Ndiaye-Lobry D, Martinez de Morentin PB, Cecon E, Heisler LK, et al. 2021. Pharmacological evidence for transactivation within melatonin MT2 and serotonin 5-HT2C receptor heteromers in mouse brain. The FASEB Journal 35:e21161

doi: 10.1096/fj.202000305r
[9]

Yang CH, Xu JH, Ren QC, Duan T, Mo F, et al. 2019. Melatonin promotes secondary hair follicle development of early postnatal cashmere goat and improves cashmere quantity and quality by enhancing antioxidant capacity and suppressing apoptosis. Journal of Pineal Research 67:e12569

doi: 10.1111/jpi.12569
[10]

Casao A, Pérez-Pé R, Abecia JA, Forcada F, Muiño-Blanco T, et al. 2013. The effect of exogenous melatonin during the non-reproductive season on the seminal plasma hormonal profile and the antioxidant defence system of Rasa Aragonesa rams. Animal Reproduction Science 138:168−174

doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.002
[11]

Wu G. 2013. Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino Acids 45:407−411

doi: 10.1007/s00726-013-1500-6
[12]

Dimitriadis F, Borgmann H, Struck JP, Salem J, Kuru TH. 2023. Antioxidant supplementation on male fertility—a systematic review. Antioxidants 12:836

doi: 10.3390/antiox12040836
[13]

Vincent SR. 1992. Nitric oxide and arginine-evoked insulin secretion. Science 258:1376−1378

doi: 10.1126/science.258.5086.1376.b
[14]

Wen J, Gou H, Zhan Z, Gao Y, Chen Z, et al. 2020. A rapid novel visualized loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for Salmonella detection targeting at fimW gene. Poultry Science 99:3637−3642

doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.045
[15]

Enkhtaivan E, Kim HJ, Kim B, Byun HJ, Yu L, et al. 2022. Loss of EMP2 inhibits melanogenesis of MNT1 melanoma cells via regulation of TRP-2. Biomolecules & Therapeutics 30:203−211

doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.001
[16]

Kumar A, Singh A. 2008. Possible nitric oxide modulation in protective effect of (Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae) against sleep deprivation-induced behavioral alterations and oxidative damage in mice. Phytomedicine 15:577−586

doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.02.003
[17]

Jiang ZM, Zeng SL, Huang TQ, Lin Y, Wang FF, et al. 2023. Sinomenine ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by modulating tryptophan metabolism and activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor via gut microbiota regulation. Science Bulletin 68:1540−1555

doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.027
[18]

Morrell JM. 2020. Heat stress and bull fertility. Theriogenology 153:62−67

doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.014
[19]

Guo X, Xu J, Zhao Y, Wang J, Fu T, et al. 2024. Melatonin alleviates heat stress-induced spermatogenesis dysfunction in male dairy goats by regulating arachidonic acid metabolism mediated by remodeling the gut microbiota. Microbiome 12:233

doi: 10.1186/s40168-024-01942-6
[20]

Yuan C, Wang J, Lu W. 2023. Regulation of semen quality by fatty acids in diets, extender, and semen. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 10:1119153

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1119153
[21]

Aitken RJ, Drevet JR, Moazamian A, Gharagozloo P. 2022. Male infertility and oxidative stress: a focus on the underlying mechanisms. Antioxidants 11:306

doi: 10.3390/antiox11020306
[22]

Zhang HM, Zhang Y. 2014. Melatonin: a well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions. Journal of Pineal Research 57:131−146

doi: 10.1111/jpi.12162
[23]

Tan DX, Manchester LC, Qin L, Reiter RJ. 2016. Melatonin: a mitochondrial targeting molecule involving mitochondrial protection and dynamics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17:2124

doi: 10.3390/ijms17122124
[24]

Xiong Y, Li B, Wang K, Li J, He S. 2023. Betaine ameliorates heat stress-induced apoptosis by affecting oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse Leydig cells. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 88:53−62

doi: 10.1093/bbb/zbad151
[25]

Jiang DL, Xu YL, Pan JQ, Fan D, Shen X, et al. 2022. Effects of melatonin on testicular function in adult male mice under different photoperiods. Animal Reproduction 19:e20220038

doi: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2022-0038
[26]

Guimarães-Ervilha LO, Assis MQ, da Silva Bento IP, da Silva Lopes I, Iasbik-Lima T, et al. 2025. Exploring the endocrine-disrupting potential of atrazine for male reproduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Biology 25:100989

doi: 10.1016/j.repbio.2024.100989
[27]

Zhu Q, Guo L, An W, Huang Z, Liu H, et al. 2022. Melatonin inhibits testosterone synthesis in Roosters Leydig cells by regulating lipolysis of lipid droplets. Theriogenology 189:118−126

doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.06.016
[28]

Wu G, Meininger CJ, McNeal CJ, Bazer FW, Rhoads JM. 2021. Role of L-arginine in nitric oxide synthesis and health in humans. In Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health, ed. Wu G. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 167−187 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_10
[29]

Barbé C, Salles J, Chambon C, Giraudet C, Sanchez P, et al. 2022. Characterization of the skeletal muscle proteome in undernourished old rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:4762

doi: 10.3390/ijms23094762
[30]

McReynolds MR, Chellappa K, Baur JA. 2020. Age-related NAD+ decline. Experimental Gerontology 134:110888

doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110888
[31]

Rochdi C, Ouadrhiri M, Allai L, Bellajdel I, Mamri S, et al. 2024. Beneficial effects of oral antioxidant supplementation on semen quality parameters, reproductive hormones, and sperm DNA integrity in men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine 51:135−141

doi: 10.5653/cerm.2023.06555
[32]

Yang M, Guan S, Tao J, Zhu K, Lv D, et al. 2021. Melatonin promotes male reproductive performance and increases testosterone synthesis in mammalian Leydig cells. Biology of Reproduction 104:1322−1336

doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioab046
[33]

Lenis YY, Elmetwally MA, Maldonado-Estrada JG, Bazer FW. 2017. Physiological importance of polyamines. Zygote 25:244−255

doi: 10.1017/S0967199417000120
[34]

Kolahian S, Sadri H, Larijani A, Hamidian G, Davasaz A. 2015. Supplementation of diabetic rats with leucine, zinc, and chromium: effects on function and histological structure of testes. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 85:311−321

doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000244
[35]

Kaltsas A, Giannakodimos I, Markou E, Stavropoulos M, Deligiannis D, et al. 2025. The androbactome and the gut microbiota–testis axis: a narrative review of emerging insights into male fertility. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26:6211

doi: 10.3390/ijms26136211
[36]

Frungieri MB, Mayerhofer A. 2024. Biogenic amines in the testis: sources, receptors and actions. Frontiers in Endocrinology 15:1392917

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1392917
[37]

Yang JY, Zhang YF, Nie N, Feng WP, Bao JF, et al. 2019. Protective effects of l-arginine against testosterone synthesis decreased by T-2 toxin in mouse Leydig cells. Theriogenology 134:98−103

doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.023
[38]

Chen K, Wei BH, Hao SL, Yang WX. 2022. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway: how does it regulate development of Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells? Histology and Histopathology 37:621−636

doi: 10.14670/HH-18-457
[39]

Ye N, Lv Z, Huang Z, Cheng Y, Wei Q, et al. 2022. Dietary folic acid supplementation improves semen quality and spermatogenesis through altering autophagy and histone methylation in the testis of aged broiler breeder roosters. Theriogenology 181:8−15

doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.12.032
[40]

Hu Y, Hu H, Yin L, Wang L, Luo K, et al. 2023. Arachidonic acid impairs the function of the blood-testis barrier via triggering mitochondrial complex-ROS-P38 MAPK axis in hyperthermal Sertoli cells. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 252:114598

doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114598
[41]

Ko SH. 2024. Effects of heat stress-induced sex hormone dysregulation on reproduction and growth in male adolescents and beneficial foods. Nutrients 16:3032

doi: 10.3390/nu16173032
[42]

Hardeland R. 2019. Aging, melatonin, and the pro- and anti-inflammatory networks. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20:1223

doi: 10.3390/ijms20051223
[43]

Sui H, Wang S, Liu G, Meng F, Cao Z, et al. 2022. Effects of heat stress on motion characteristics and metabolomic profiles of boar spermatozoa. Genes 13:1647

doi: 10.3390/genes13091647