doi:10.1017/S0269888900004598

Alty J L, 1987. “The limitations of rule-based expert systems” In: Knowledge-Based Expert Systems in Industry, Jiri Kriz (Ed.), pp. 17–22. A critical review of expert systems which emphasizes their strengths and weaknesses.

Belkin N, Borgman C, Brooks H, Bylander T, Croft W, Daniels P, Deerwester S, Fox E, Ingwersen P, Rada R, Jones K, Thompson R and Walker D, 1987. “Distributed expert-based information systems: an interdisciplinary approach,” Information Processing and Management23 (5) 395–409. A workshop report on the role of expert systems in document retrieval systems.

Benchimol G, Levine P and Pomerol J C, 1987. Developing Expert Systems for Business, North Oxford Academic Publishers Limited. A modern introductory text which includes a description of expert system tools and business applications.

Buchanan B and Shortliffe E, 1984. “Major lessons from this work,” In: Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, ed. Shortliffe E (Ed.), pp. 669–702, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. This chapter from the book about the MYCIN experiments summarizes the major insights that were gained. The authors are the fathers of the MYCIN experiments.

Carroll John and Aaronson Amy, 1988. “Learning by doing with simulated intelligent help,” Communications of the Association of Computing Machinery31 (9) 1064–1079, September. The difficulties in designing intelligent help and explanation facilities are addressed.

Clancey William, 1983. “The epistemology of a rule-based expert system—a framework for explanation,” Artificial intelligence20 (3) 215–251. An early influential paper on the need for additional knowledge in MYCIN in order that explanation be satisfying.

Forsyth Richard and Rada Roy, 1986. Machine Learning: Expert Systems and information Retrieval, Ellis Norwood, London. Methods for semi-automatically improving the performance of intelligent systems are described.

Gallaire H, 1985. “Logic programming: further developments,” In: Proceedings 1985 Symposium on Logic Programming, pp. 88–96. Meeting occurred in July 1985 in Boston. A historical overview of logic programming and a critical analysis of its present and future applications.

Hayes-Roth F, Waterman D and Lenat D, 1983. Building Expert Systems, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts. This book contains chapters written by participants in a workshop on building expert systems. The target audience includes practitioners and administrators.

Mili Hafedh and Rada Roy, 1988. “Merging thesauri: principles and evaluation,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence10(2) 204–220. The system from the National Library of Medicine is discussed with respect to knowledge acquisition.

Miller R, Pople H and Myers J, 1982. “INTERNIST-1,” New England Journal of Medicine307, pp. 468–476. A report to physicians on the successes with the expert system INTERNIST.

Rada Roy, 1985. “Gradualness facilitates knowledge refinement,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence7(5) 523–530, September. Methods for allowing small changes in the weights on rules of an expert system to lead to improved performance of the expert system are presented.

Schutzer Daniel, 1985. “Artificial intelligence-based very large data base organization and management,” In: Applications in Artificial Intelligence, Stephen Andriole (Ed.), pp. 251–277, Petrocelli Books. An application for large intelligent heterogeneous databases is clearly described.

Shortlifle E, Scott A, Bischoff M, Campbel A, van Melle W and Jacobs C, 1981. “ONCOCIN: expert system for oncology protocol management,” Proceedings International Joint Conference Artificial Intelligence, pp. 876–881. One of the first published papers on the ONCOCIN project which represents the intellectual and pragmatic descendant of MYCIN.

Slatter Philip E, 1987. “Cognitive emulation in ES design,” The Knowledge Engineering Review2(1) 27–42, March. A study of how cognitive emulation can be used as a strategy for designing more effective expert systems.

Stenton S P, 1987. “Dialog management for co-operative knowledge based systems,” The Knowledge Engineering Review2(2) 99–122. A review of user interaction with knowledge-based systems and approaches for improving communications between users and expert systems.

Timpka Toomas, 1986. “LIMEDS knowledge-based decision support for general practitioners: an integrated design,” Proceedings Tenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, pp. 394–402, IEEE Computer Society, October. The Scandinavians have implemented some sophisticated, intelligent, hypertext systems in their ambulatory care facilities.

Waterman Donald A, 1985. A Guide to Expert Systems, Addison Wesley. An introductory text which includes an overview of expert system tools and applications.

Zaniolo Carlo, Ait-Kaci Hassan, Beech David, Cammarata Stephanie and Maier David, 1986. “Object oriented database systems and knowledge systems,” In: Expert Database Systems, Larry Kerschberg (Ed.), pp. 49–65, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. This report from a workshop covers many of the major relationships between object-oriented databases and knowledge bases.

Acksyn R, McCracken D and Yoder E, 1988. “KMS: a distributed hypermedia system for managing knowledge in organizations,” Communications of the Association of Computing Machinery31, 7, pp. 820–835.

Brown P J, 1987. “Turning ideas into products: the guide system,” Hypertext '87, pp. 33–40, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, November 13–15. The Guide system focuses on a few simple link types, and this paper by the developer of Guide cogently argues why that approach is a good one.

Bush Vannevar, 1945. “As we may think,” The Atlantic Monthly, pp. 101–108, July. The first widely read paper to seriously predict the advent of hypertext.

Campbell Brad and Goodman Joseph M, 1988. “HAM: a general-purpose hypertext abstract machine,” Communications of the Association of Computing Machinery31(7) 856–861 (also appeared in Hypertext '87). The HAM system allows ready simulation of many hypertext systems, as this paper shows.

Collier George, 1987. “Thoth-II: hypertext with explicit semantics,” Hypertext '87, pp. 269–289, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, November 13–15. The independent and embedded link networks of hypertext are described in this analysis of different types of networks in hypertext.

Conklin Jeff, 1987. “Hypertext: an introduction and survey,” Computer20(9) 17–41, September. This introduction to hypertext was one of the first comprehensive, scholarly review of this discipline to appear in a major computer journal.

Englebart D C and English W K, 1968. “A research center for augmenting human intellect,” Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, 33, pp. 395–410, AFPIS Press, Reston, Virginia. The senior author pioneered the implementation of hypertext systems.

Garg Pankaj K1988. “Abstraction mechanisms in hypertext,” Communications of the Association of Computing Machinery31(7) 862–870. This model of hypertext has more definitions than theorems but is noteworthy for attempting to model hypertext and for appearing in a widely available journal.

Goodman Danny, 1987. “HyperCard,” MacIntosh Today, pp. 60–64, August 11. HyperCard was first made publicly available in the summer of 1987 and this paper was one of the early, informative descriptions of the system.

Halasz Frank G, Moran T P and Trigg Randal H, 1987. “NoteCards in a nutshell,” Proceedings of the ACM CHI+ GI Conference, pp. 45–52, Toronto, Ontario, April. A description of the NoteCards system.

Halasz Frank G, 1988. “Reflections on NoteCards: seven issues for the next generation of hypermedia systems,” Communications of the Association of Computing Machinery31(7) pp. 836–855. Beginning with a critique of the first, major commercial hypertext system, the author then carefully delineates seven major problems which researchers in hypertext must address over the next generation.

Hayes John R, Flower Linda, Schriver Karen A, Stratman James F and Carey Linda, 1987. “Cognitive processes in revision,” In: Advances in Applied Psycholinguistics, Sheldon Rosenberg (Ed.), pp. 176–240, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. The authors have performed some of the best recognized work in the psychology of writing and here describe their model of writing with an emphasis on the revision process.

Koved Larry and Shneiderman Ben, 1986. “Embedded menus: selecting items in context,” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery29(4) 312–318. Careful human-factors analyses are used to support arguments for a certain interface style with a hypertext system.

McCracken Donald and Akscyn Robert, 1984. “Experience with the ZOG human-computer interface system,” International Journal of Man-Machine Studies21 pp. 293–310. A decade of experience with ZOG is summarized.

Mili Hafedh and Rada Roy, 1988. “Merging thesauri: principles and evaluation,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence10(2) 204–220. The system from the National Library of Medicine is discussed with respect to knowledge acquisition.

Price Lynne A, 1982. “Thumb: an interactive tool for accessing and maintaining text,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics12(2) 155–161, March/April. An early project for loading traditional documents into a hypertext system and for adding links to the document so that browsing can follow more paths.

Raskin Jef, 1987. “The hype in hypertext,” Hypertext '87, pp. 325–330, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, November 13–15. The difficulties of finding practical applications for hypertext are outlined in this paper.

Shneiderman Ben and Morariu Janis, 1986. “Design and research on the interactive encyclopedia system (TIES),” Proceedings 29th Conference of the Association for the Development of Computer Based Instructional Systems, pp. 19–21, November. TIES is another one of the academic hypertext systems that has been modestly successful in the commercial world.

Smith John B, Weiss Stephen F, Ferguson Gordon F, Bolter Jay D, Lansman Marcy and Beard David V, 1986. “WE: A Writing Environment for Professionals,” Technical Report TR86–025, Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, August. Innovative early work on the testing of a writing environment on a graphical workstation.

Stotts P David and Furuta Richard, 1988. “Adding browsing semantics to the hypertext model,” Technical Report CS-TR-2046, Computer Science Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, June. As hypertext has become more popular, theoretical models are beginning to appear, and this report is one of the best early models.

Walker William and Kintsch Walter, 1985. “Automatic and strategic aspects of knowledge retrieval,” Cognitive Science9261–283. Memory retrieval experiments show that the representational schemes focus on episodes.

Weyer Stephen A and Borning Alan H, 1985. “A prototype electronic encyclopedia,” ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems3(1) 63–88. Description of a system for translating an encylopedia into hypertext and browsing the hypertext. While the particular project has stopped, the ideas are sound.

Zaniolo Carlo, Akscyn Robert, McCracken Donald and Yoder Elise, 1988. “KMS: a distributed hypermedia system for managing knowledge in organizations,” Communications of the Association of Computing Machinery31(7) 820–835 (also appeared in Hypertext '87). KMS is the descendant of ZOG which was developed in the 1970s and has been extensively used at Carnegie-Mellon University.

Garg Pankaj K and Scacchi Walt, 1987. “On designing intelligent hypertext systems for information management in software engineering,” Hypertext '87, pp. 409–432, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, November 13–15. Issues underlying the implementation of an intelligent hypertext software engineering tool.

James Geoffrey, 1985. Document Databases, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. An unpretentious book with many examples that focuses on a software hypertext system that is actually used.

Sommerville Ian, 1985. Software Engineering, Addison-Wesley. A standard textbook on software engineering.