[1]

Hyde KD, Noorabadi MT, Thiyagaraja V, He MQ, Johnston PR, et al. 2024. The 2024 outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere 15:5146−6239

doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25
[2]

Zhao X, Leavitt SD, Zhao ZT, Zhang LL, Arup U, et al. 2016. Towards a revised generic classification of lecanoroid lichens (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence. Fungal Diversity 78:293−304

doi: 10.1007/s13225-015-0354-5
[3]

Malíček J, Berger F, Palice Z, Vondrák J. 2017. Corticolous sorediate Lecanora species (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota) containing atranorin in Europe. The Lichenologist 49:431−455

doi: 10.1017/S002428291700038X
[4]

Park JS, Han SK, Oh SO. 2023. Lecanora neobarkmaniana (Lecanorales, Lecanoraceae), a new lichen species from South Korea. Mycobiology 51:16−25

doi: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2168349
[5]

Noor A, Saba M, Akram W, Ullah M, Asif M. 2025. Two novel species of Lecanora genus (Ascomycota, Lecanoraceae) from Western Himalaya, Pakistan. Phytotaxa 722:247−259

doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.722.3.4
[6]

Kirk P, Cannon P, Minter D, Stalpers J. 2008. Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, eds. 10th Edition. UK: CABI. 771 pp. doi: 10.1079/9780851998268.0000

[7]

Papong K, Boonpragob K, Parnmen S, Lumbsch HT. 2013. Molecular phylogenetic studies on tropical species of Lecanora sensu stricto (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota). Nova Hedwigia 96:1−13

doi: 10.1127/0029-5035/2012/0072
[8]

Lücking R, Hodkinson BP, Leavitt SD. 2017. The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–approaching one thousand genera. The Bryologist 119:361−416

doi: 10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361
[9]

Li L, Wang L, Printzen C. 2023. A new species and new combination of Lecanora s. str. (Lecanoraceae) from China. The Lichenologist 55:115−124

doi: 10.1017/S0024282923000142
[10]

Iqbal MS, Khalid AN. 2024. Lecanora darelensis, a new species of Lecanoraceae from Darel Valley, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. Telopea: Journal of Plant Systematics 27:117−124

doi: 10.7751/telopea17708
[11]

Watts JL, Raynor SJ, Li Y, Meier R, Cook C, et al. 2024. Lecanora exspersa: a new lichen record for North America and a key to sorediate Lecanora (Lecanoraceae) in western North America. The Bryologist 127:427−440

doi: 10.1639/0007-2745-127.4.427
[12]

Lumbsch HT, Elix JA. 2004. Lecanora. In Flora of Australia. Volume 56A—Lichens 4, eds. McCarthy PM, Mallett K. Melbourne: Australian Biological Resources Study/CSIRO Publishing. pp. 12–62 www.dcceew.gov.au/science-research/abrs/publications/flora-of-australia/vol56a

[13]

Cavalcante JG, dos Santos LA, Aptroot A, Lücking R, da Silva Cáceres ME. 2019. A new species of Lecanora (Ascomycota: Lecanoraceae) from mangrove in northeast Brazil identified using DNA barcoding and phenotypical characters. The Bryologist 122:553−558

doi: 10.1639/0007-2745-122.4.553
[14]

Bungartz F, Elix JA, Printzen C. 2020. Lecanoroid lichens in the Galapagos Islands: the genera Lecanora, Protoparmeliopsis, and Vainionora (Lecanoraceae, Lecanoromycetes). Phytotaxa 431:1−85

doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.431.1.1
[15]

Lee BG, Hur JS. 2020. A new lichenized fungus, Lecanora baekdudaeganensis, from South Korea, with a taxonomic key for Korean Lecanora species. MycoKeys 70:39−58

doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.70.51569
[16]

Orange A, James PW, White FJ. 2010. Microchemical methods for the identification of lichens. 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: British Lichen Society. 101 pp. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/document-downloads/Orange%20Microchemical%20Methods.pdf

[17]

Ranković BR, Kosanić MM, Stanojković TP. 2011. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Lecanora atra and Lecanora muralis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11:97

doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-97
[18]

Goga M, Elečko J, Marcinčinová M, Ručová D, Bačkorová M, et al. 2018. Lichen metabolites: an overview of some secondary metabolites and their biological potential. In Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites, eds. Mérillon JM, Ramawat KG. Cham: Springer. pp. 1−36 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-76887-8_57-1

[19]

D'Souza SR, Singh S, Ravi L. 2023. Secondary metabolites produced from symbiotic microbes. In Microbial Symbionts, ed. Dharumadurai D. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. pp. 803–830 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-99334-0.00015-3

[20]

Luyken JA. 1809. Tentamen historiae lichenum in genere: cui accedunt primae lineae distributionis novae. Thesis. Gottingae: Academia Georgia Augusta. 102 pp. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.79362

[21]

Zahlbruckner A. 1907. Lichenes. In Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, eds. Engler A, Prantl K. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann. pp. 49–136 doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.4635

[22]

Eigler G. 1969. Zur systematik der flechtenfamilie lecanoraceae. Nova Hedwigia 17:1−144

[23]

Nordin A, Savić S, Tibell L. 2010. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Aspicilia and Megasporaceae. Mycologia 106:1339−1349

doi: 10.3852/09-266
[24]

Rodriguez Flakus P, Printzen C. 2014. Palicella, a new genus of lichenized fungi and its phylogenetic position within Lecanoraceae. The Lichenologist 46:535−552

doi: 10.1017/S0024282914000127
[25]

Resl P, Schneider K, Westberg M, Printzen C, Palice Z, et al. 2015. Diagnostics for a troubled backbone: testing topological hypotheses of trapelioid lichenized fungi in a large-scale phylogeny of Ostropomycetidae (Lecanoromycetes). Fungal Diversity 73:239−258

doi: 10.1007/s13225-015-0332-y
[26]

Davydov EA, Yakovchenko LS, Hollinger J, Bungartz F, Parrinello C, et al. 2021. The new genus Pulvinora (Lecanoraceae) for species of the 'Lecanora pringlei' group, including the new species Pulvinora stereothallina. The Bryologist 124:242−256

doi: 10.1639/0007-2745-124.2.242
[27]

Bano A, Razaq A, Ishaq A, Ilyas S, Liaqat H. 2024. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of a lichen, Protoparmeliopsis (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota), a new lichen genus for Khaplu valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Studies in Fungi 9:e005

doi: 10.48130/sif-0024-0002
[28]

Śliwa L, Miadlikowska J, Redelings BD, Molnar K, Lutzoni F. 2012. Are widespread morphospecies from the Lecanora dispersa group (lichen-forming Ascomycota) monophyletic? The Bryologist 115:265−277

doi: 10.1639/0007-2745-115.2.265
[29]

Śliwa L, Zhao X, Flakus A, Kukwa M, Lücking R. 2012. Reassessment of the genus Myriolecis in the Lecanora dispersa group. The Lichenologist 44:423−438

[30]

Kondratyuk SY, Jeong MH, Galanina IA, Yakovchenko LS, Yatsyna AP, et al. 2015. Molecular phylogeny of placodioid lichen-forming fungi reveal a new genus, Sedelnikovaea. Mycotaxon 129:269−282

doi: 10.5248/129.269
[31]

Dos Santos LA, Aptroot A, Lücking R, da Silva Cáceres ME. 2023. Lecanora s. lat. (Ascomycota, Lecanoraceae) in Brazil: DNA barcoding coupled with phenotype characters reveals numerous novel species. Journal of Fungi 9:415

doi: 10.3390/jof9040415
[32]

Lumbsch HT, Leavitt SD. 2011. Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi. Fungal Diversity 50:59−72

doi: 10.1007/s13225-011-0123-z
[33]

Leavitt SD, Esslinger TL, Divakar PK, Lumbsch HT. 2012. Miocene divergence, phenotypically cryptic lineages, and contrasting distribution patterns in common lichen-forming fungi (Lecanora spp.). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 118:920−937

doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01978.x
[34]

Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat J, Buyck B, et al. 2015. The Faces of fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, molecular and human attributes. Fungal Diversity 74:3−18

doi: 10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8
[35]

Index Fungorum. 2025. Index Fungorum. www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp (Accessed on 24 Aug. 2025)

[36]

White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, eds. Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 315−322 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1

[37]

Zoller S, Scheidegger C, Sperisen C. 1999. Pcr primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes. The Lichenologist 31:511−516

doi: 10.1006/lich.1999.0220
[38]

Hall TA. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41:95−98

[39]

Katoh K, Rozewicki J, Yamada KD. 2019. MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics 20:1160−1166

doi: 10.1093/bib/bbx108
[40]

Stamatakis A, Hoover P, Rougemont J. 2008. A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Systematic Biology 57:758−771

doi: 10.1080/10635150802429642
[41]

Stamatakis A. 2014. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312−1313

doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
[42]

Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T. 2010. Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proc. 2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), New Orleans, LA, 14 November, 2010. USA: IEEE. pp. 1−8 doi: 10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129

[43]

Nylander JAA, Zoology S, Posada D, Mrmodeltest R, Os F. 2008. MrModeltest2 v. 2.3 (Program for Selecting DNA Substitution Models Using PAUP*). Uppsala, Sweden: Evolutionary Biology Centre.

[44]

Kishino H, Hasegawa M. 1989. Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA sequence data, and the branching order in hominoidea. Journal of Molecular Evolution 29:170−179

doi: 10.1007/BF02100115
[45]

Rambaut A. 2012. FigTree Version 1.4.0. Edinburgh: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh. https://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree (Accessed on 10 Jul. 2025)

[46]

Kirika P, Parnmen S, Lumbsch T. 2012. Two new species of Lecanora sensu stricto (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota) from east Africa. MycoKeys 3:37−47

doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.3.3201
[47]

Laundon JR. 1963. The taxonomy of sterile crustaceous lichens in the British Isles: 2. corticolous and lignicolous species. The Lichenologist 2:101−151

doi: 10.1017/s002428296300013x
[48]

Lendemer JC, Harris RC, Tripp EA. 2013. The lichens and allied fungi of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: an annotated checklist with comprehensive keys: an annotated checklist with comprehensive keys. In Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden Volume 104. New York, USA: New York Botanical Garden Press. 152 pp.

[49]

Edwards B, Aptroot A, Hawksworth DL, James PW. 2009. Lecanora Ach. in Luyken 1809. In Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. London: British Lichen Society. pp. 465–502

[50]

Allen J, Lendemer J, McMullin T. 2021. Lecanora masana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. e.T80702914A80702917. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T80702914A80702917.en (Accessed on 22 Nov. 2025)

[51]

Arup U, Ekman S, Lindblom L, Mattsson JE. 2007. High species diversity revealed in a molecular phylogenetic study of the genus Lecanora in northern Europe. Mycological Research 111:760−776

[52]

Śliwa L, Olech M. 2002. Notes on species of Lecanora (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Antarctic. Polish Polar Research 23:117−133

[53]

Malíček J. 2014. A revision of the epiphytic species of the Lecanora subfusca group (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota) in the Czech Republic. The Lichenologist 46:489−513

doi: 10.1017/S0024282914000139
[54]

Li L, Zhang Y, Printzen C. 2023. Phylogeny, morphology and chemistry reveal two new multispored species in the Lecanorasubfusca group (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 99:25−43

doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.108462
[55]

Printzen C, Blanchon DJ, Fryday AM, de Lange PJ, Houston DM, et al. 2017. Lecanora kohu, a new species of Lecanora (Lichenised Ascomycota: Lecanoraceae) from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 55:439−451

doi: 10.1080/0028825X.2017.1364274
[56]

Ivanovich C, Weber L, Palice Z, Hollinger J, Otte V, et al. 2025. A taxonomic revision of the lichen genus Lecanoropsis (Lecanoraceae). Phytotaxa 695:1−56

doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.695.1.1
[57]

Printzen C. 2010. Lichen systematics: The role of morphological and molecular data to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. In Progress in Botany, eds. Lüttge U, Beyschlag W, Büdel B, Francis D. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 233−275 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-02167-1_10

[58]

Singh G, Dal Grande F, Divakar PK, Crespo A. 2015. Phylogeography and population genetics of lichen-forming fungi: evidence from molecular markers. Fungal Biology 119:802−813

[59]

Zahlbruckner A. 1930. New species of lichens from Porto Rico. III. Mycologia 22:69−79

doi: 10.1080/00275514.1930.12016983
[60]

Wei JC. 1991. An Enumeration of Lichens in China. Beijing: International Academic Publishers. 278 pp.

[61]

Han LF, Zhao JC, Guo SY. 2009. Lecanora weii, a new multispored species of Lecanora s. str. from northeastern China. Mycotaxon 107:157−161

doi: 10.5248/107.157
[62]

Lv L, Ren Q, Sun LY, Yang F, Zhao ZT. 2009. Three species of the lichen genus Lecanora new to China from Bailong River Valley, Gansu Province. Guihaia 29:311−313

[63]

Lü L, Wang HY, Zhao ZT. 2009. Five lichens of the genus Lecanora new to China. Mycotaxon 107:391−396

doi: 10.5248/107.391
[64]

Lü L, Zhang LL, Liu XL, Zhao ZT, Wang HY. 2012. Lecanora subjaponica, a new lichen from China. The Lichenologist 44:465−468

doi: 10.1017/S002428291200014X
[65]

Lü L, Ren Q, Jiang DF, Wang HY, Zhao ZB. 2013. Lecanora gansuensis sp. nov. (subfusca group) from China. Mycotaxon 123:285−287

doi: 10.5248/123.285
[66]

Lü L, Yang YH, He JX. 2020. Three placodioid species of Lecanoraceae new for China. Mycotaxon 135:869−876

doi: 10.5248/135.869
[67]

Wang LS, Wang XY, Lumbsch HT. 2013. Eight lecanoroid lichen species new to China. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 34:343−348

doi: 10.7872/crym.v34.iss4.2013.343
[68]

Lü L, Zhao Z. 2017. Lecanora shangrilaensis sp. nov., on pinecones from China. Mycotaxon 132:441−444

doi: 10.5248/132.441
[69]

Lü L, Zhao Z. 2017. Lecanora subloekoesii sp. nov. and four other species of the L. subfusca group new to China. Mycotaxon 132:539−546

doi: 10.5248/132.539
[70]

Mamut R, Li P, Abbas A, Fu C. 2019. Morphology, chemistry and molecular phylogeny revealed a new species and a new combination of Myriolecis (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota) from China. The Bryologist 122(3):375−383

doi: 10.1639/0007-2745-122.3.375