[1]

Mantey DS, Cooper MR, Clendennen SL, Pasch KE, Perry CL. 2016. E-cigarette marketing exposure is associated with e-cigarette use among US youth. Journal of Adolescent Health 58:686−690

doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.003
[2]

Sreeramareddy CT, Acharya K, Manoharan A, Oo PS. 2024. Changes in e-cigarette use, cigarette smoking, and dual-use among the youth (13−15 years) in 10 countries (2013−2019)—analyses of global youth tobacco surveys. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 26:142−150

doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntad124
[3]

Collins L, Glasser AM, Abudayyeh H, Pearson JL, Villanti AC. 2019. E-cigarette marketing and communication: how e-cigarette companies market e-cigarettes and the public engages with e-cigarette information. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21:14−24

doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx284
[4]

Russell C, Katsampouris E, Mckeganey N. 2020. Harm and addiction perceptions of the JUUL e-cigarette among adolescents. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22:713−721

doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntz183
[5]

Xiao L, Yin X, Di X, Nan Y, Lyu T, et al. 2022. Awareness and prevalence of e-cigarette use among Chinese adults: policy implications. Tobacco Control 31:498−504

doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056114
[6]

Xie H, Di X, Liu S, Zeng X, Meng Z, et al. 2022. Tobacco use and cessation among college students—China, 2021. China CDC Weekly 4:448−451

doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.100
[7]

Wang X, Zhang X, Xu X, Gao Y. 2019. Perceptions and use of electronic cigarettes among young adults in China. Tobacco Induced Diseases 17:17

doi: 10.18332/tid/102788
[8]

GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. 2021. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 397:2337−2360

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7
[9]

St. Helen G, Eaton DL. 2018. Public health consequences of e-cigarette use. JAMA Internal Medicine 178:984−986

doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.1600
[10]

McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Bauld L, Robson D. 2018. Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018. A report commissioned by Public Health England. London: Public Health England. 243 pp. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684963/Evidence_review_of_e-cigarettes_and_heated_tobacco_products_2018.pdf

[11]

Daiber A, Kuntic M, Oelze M, Hahad O, Münzel T. 2023. E-cigarette effects on vascular function in animals and humans. Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 475:783−796

doi: 10.1007/s00424-023-02813-z
[12]

Prochaska JJ, Benowitz NL. 2019. Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: nicotine addiction. Science Advances 5:eaay9763

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9763
[13]

Pang Y, Li M, Li F, Lei J, Zhang T. 2023. Preliminary study on the E-liquid and aerosol on the neurobehavior of C. elegans. Environment International 179:108180

doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108180
[14]

Franck C, Filion KB, Kimmelman J, Grad R, Eisenberg MJ. 2016. Ethical considerations of e-cigarette use for tobacco harm reduction. Respiratory Research 17:53

doi: 10.1186/s12931-016-0370-3
[15]

Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, Leventhal AM, Unger JB, et al. 2017. Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics 171:788−797

doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1488
[16]

Miech R, Patrick ME, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD. 2017. E-cigarette use as a predictor of cigarette smoking: results from a 1-year follow-up of a national sample of 12th grade students. Tobacco Control 26:e106−e111

doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053291
[17]

Berry KM, Fetterman JL, Benjamin EJ, Bhatnagar A, Barrington-Trimis JL, et al. 2019. Association of electronic cigarette use with subsequent initiation of tobacco cigarettes in US youths. JAMA Network Open 2:e187794

doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7794
[18]

Leventhal AM, Strong DR, Kirkpatrick MG, Unger JB, Sussman S, et al. 2015. Association of electronic cigarette use with initiation of combustible tobacco product smoking in early adolescence. Jama 314:700−707

doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.8950
[19]

Vogel EA, Prochaska JJ, Rubinstein ML. 2020. Measuring e-cigarette addiction among adolescents. Tobacco Control 29:258−262

doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054900
[20]

The State Tobacco Monopoly Administration and the State Administration for Market Regulation. 2019. Notice on Strengthening the Protection of Minors from E-Cigarette Hazards. www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2019-10/30/content_5456581.htm

[21]

The State Council. 2021. The State Council on Amending the Implementation Regulations of the Tobacco Monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China. www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2021-11/26/content_5653631.htm

[22]

State Administration for Market Regulation. 2022. State Administration for Market Regulation. National Standards for Electronic Cigarettes (GB 41700-2022). https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hcno=ABB028BCBF0391D0039E80FDAB8D3AF7

[23]

Deng H, Fang L, Zhang L, Yan X, Wang F, et al. 2024. A comprehensive content analysis of 104 Chinese electronic cigarette manufacturing enterprise official websites. Tobacco Control 33:705−712

doi: 10.1136/tc-2022-057759
[24]

Liu L, Wang X, Li X. 2025. Conventional and electronic cigarettes consumption among young Chinese adults: a perspective on masculinity and gender system. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 23:219−235

doi: 10.1007/s11469-023-01095-x
[25]

Xie J, Wu K. 2025. Exploring initiation process and cultural identity towards young adult vapers in China: a qualitative comparison between single and dual users. Frontiers in Psychology 16:1480898

doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1480898
[26]

Al-Sawalha NA, Almomani BA, Mokhemer E, Al-Shatnawi SF, Bdeir R. 2021. E-cigarettes use among university students in Jordan: perception and related knowledge. PLoS One 16:e0262090

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262090
[27]

Doran N, Brikmanis K, Petersen A, Delucchi K, Al-Delaimy WK, et al. 2017. Does e-cigarette use predict cigarette escalation? A longitudinal study of young adult non-daily smokers. Preventive Medicine 100:279−284

doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.03.023
[28]

Braun V, Clarke V. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3:77−101

doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[29]

Lee JJ, Thorne S. 2022. Interpretive description: a rigorous approach to qualitative research in the applied disciplines. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in the Asian Context, eds. Wa-Mbaleka S, Rosario AH. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 308−324 doi: 10.4135/9781529781731.n23

[30]

Kelsh S, Ottney A, Young M, Kelly M, Larson R, et al. 2023. Young adults’ electronic cigarette use and perceptions of risk. Tobacco Use Insights 16:1−6

doi: 10.1177/1179173X231161313
[31]

Weng X, Song CY, Liu K, Wu YS, Lee JJ, et al. 2025. Perceptions of and responses of young adults who use e-cigarettes to flavour bans in China: a qualitative study. Tobacco Control 34:436−442

doi: 10.1136/tc-2023-058312
[32]

Jiang N, Ho SY, Lam TH. 2017. Electronic cigarette marketing tactics in mainland China. Tobacco Control 26:230−232

doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052824
[33]

Simonavičius E, East K, Taylor E, Nottage M, Reid JL, et al. 2024. Impact of e-liquid packaging on vaping product perceptions among youth in England, Canada, and the United States: a randomized online experiment. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 26:370−379

doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntad144
[34]

Yong HH, Borland R, Balmford J, Hitchman SC, Cummings KM, et al. 2017. Prevalence and correlates of the belief that electronic cigarettes are a lot less harmful than conventional cigarettes under the different regulatory environments of Australia and the United Kingdom. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 19:258−263

doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw137
[35]

Brose LS, Brown J, Hitchman SC, McNeill A. 2015. Perceived relative harm of electronic cigarettes over time and impact on subsequent use. A survey with 1-year and 2-year follow-ups. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 157:106−111

doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.014
[36]

State Council of the People's Republic of China. 2022. E-cigarette Management Measures. www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2022/content_5697988.htm

[37]

McCausland K, Jancey J, Leaver T, Wolf K, Freeman B, et al. 2020. Motivations for use, identity and the vaper subculture: a qualitative study of the experiences of Western Australian vapers. BMC Public Health 20:1552

doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09651-z
[38]

Wang Z, Xu X, Laestadius L, Wang Y. 2025. Understanding stakeholder responses to the electronic cigarette flavor ban in China: a news media analysis. Public Health 238:303−309

doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.12.003
[39]

Weng X, Yang H, Song C, Tu J, Liu K, et al. 2025. Engaging and supporting young adults in smoking cessation: insights from a mobile-based cessation program in China. Digital Health 11:1−8

doi: 10.1177/20552076241311055
[40]

Graham AL, Cha S, Jacobs MA, Amato MS, Funsten AL, et al. 2024. A vaping cessation text message program for adolescent e-cigarette users: a randomized clinical trial. Jama 332:713−721

doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.11057
[41]

Hair EC, Kreslake JM, Tulsiani S, McKay T, Vallone D. 2025. Reducing e-cigarette use among youth and young adults: evidence of the truth campaign's impact. Tobacco Control 34:59−64

doi: 10.1136/tc-2023-057992
[42]

Allem JP, Escobedo P, Chu KH, Soto DW, Cruz TB, et al. 2017. Campaigns and counter campaigns: reactions on Twitter to e-cigarette education. Tobacco Control 26:226−229

doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052757