| [1] |
Sadigov R. 2022. Rapid growth of the world population and its socioeconomic results. |
| [2] |
Van Eenennaam AL. 2024. Addressing the 2050 demand for terrestrial animal source food. |
| [3] |
Gundersen C, Iannotti L, Leroy F. 2025. Food security at risk: the consequences of limiting animal source foods. |
| [4] |
Kappes A, Tozooneyi T, Shakil G, Railey AF, McIntyre KM, et al. 2023. Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature. |
| [5] |
Ezenwa VO, Civitello DJ, Barton BT, Becker DJ, Brenn-White M, et al. 2020. Infectious diseases, livestock, and climate: a vicious cycle? |
| [6] |
Goma AA, Phillips CJC. 2021. The impact of anthropogenic climate change on Egyptian livestock production. |
| [7] |
Menshawy AMS, Vicente AF, Hegazy YM, Djokic V, Hamdy MER, et al. 2025. Animal brucellosis in Egypt: review on evolution, epidemiological situation, prevalent Brucella strains, genetic diversity, and assessment of implemented national control measures. |
| [8] |
Roth JA, Galyon J. 2024. Food security: the ultimate one-health challenge. |
| [9] |
Neethirajan S. 2017. Recent advances in wearable sensors for animal health management. |
| [10] |
Berghof TVL, Poppe M, Mulder HA. 2019. Opportunities to improve resilience in livestock breeding programs. |
| [11] |
Mottet A, de Haan C, Falcucci A, Tempio G, Opio C, et al. 2017. Livestock: on our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate. |
| [12] |
Walz PH, Chamorro MF, Falkenberg SM, Passler T, van der Meer F, et al. 2020. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: an updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. |
| [13] |
Graham DA. 2013. Bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1) in cattle–a review with emphasis on reproductive impacts and the emergence of infection in Ireland and the United Kingdom. |
| [14] |
Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH, Grunberg W. 2017. Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats. 11th Edition. St. Louis: Elsevier. 2278 pp. https://shop.elsevier.com/books/veterinary-medicine/constable/978-0-7020-5246-0 |
| [15] |
Smith BP, Van Metre DC, Pusterla N (Eds.). 2020. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 6th Edition. St. Louis: Elsevier. 1949 pp. https://shop.elsevier.com/books/large-animal-internal-medicine/smith/978-0-323-55445-9 |
| [16] |
Ridpath J. 2010. The contribution of infections with bovine viral diarrhea viruses to bovine respiratory disease. |
| [17] |
Sweeney RW, Collins MT, Koets AP, McGuirk SM, Roussel AJ. 2012. Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in cattle and other susceptible species. |
| [18] |
Borham M, Oreiby A, El-Gedawy A, Hegazy Y, Khalifa HO, et al. 2022. Review on bovine tuberculosis: an emerging disease associated with multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium species. |
| [19] |
Harris NB, Barletta RG. 2001. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in veterinary medicine. |
| [20] |
Pugh GW Jr, Hughes DE, McDonald TJ. 1971. Bovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis: serological aspects of Moraxella bovis infection. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 35:161−166 |
| [21] |
Beagley JC, Whitman KJ, Baptiste KE, Scherzer J. 2010. Physiology and treatment of retained fetal membranes in cattle. |
| [22] |
Bock R, Jackson L, De Vos A, Jorgensen W. 2004. Babesiosis of cattle. |
| [23] |
Sudhakara Reddy B, Sivajothi S, Rayulu VC. 2015. Clinical coccidiosis in adult cattle. |
| [24] |
Agnetti F, Righi C, Scoccia E, Felici A, Crotti S, et al. 2014. Trichophyton verrucosum infection in cattle farms of Umbria (Central Italy) and transmission to humans. |
| [25] |
Fatima SA, Gonuguntla HN, Muthappa PN, Sarangi LN. 2024. Molecular detection of Anaplasma, Babesia, Theileria, and Trypanosoma infection in cattle and buffaloes in India. |
| [26] |
Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL. 2016. Veterinary Parasitology. 4th Edition. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 1032 pp. doi: 10.1002/9781119073680 |
| [27] |
Nagaraja TG, Galyean ML, Andy Cole N. 1998. Nutrition and disease. |
| [28] |
Kang D, Lungu SE, Danso F, Dzou CF, Chen Y, et al. 2025. Animal health and nutrition: metabolic disorders in cattle and improvement strategies. |
| [29] |
Castro DJ, Margineda CA, Mattioli GA, Poppenga R, Uzal FA. 2026. Nutritional myopathy associated with selenium and copper deficiency in beef cattle in Argentina. |
| [30] |
McDowell LR. 2003. Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition. St. Louis: Elsevier. 644 pp. https://shop.elsevier.com/books/minerals-in-animal-and-human-nutrition/mcdowell/978-0-444-51367-0 |
| [31] |
Newcomer BW. 2022. Toxicologic insults to the bovine liver. |
| [32] |
Molyneux RJ, Gardner DL, Colegate SM, Edgar JA. 2011. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity in livestock: a paradigm for human poisoning? |
| [33] |
Varga A, Puschner B. 2012. Retrospective study of cattle poisonings in California: recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. |
| [34] |
Abdisa T, Dilbato Dinbiso T. 2024. Toxic plants and their impact on livestock health and economic losses: a comprehensive review. |
| [35] |
Cusack PMV, McMeniman N, Lean IJ. 2003. The medicine and epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease in feedlots. |
| [36] |
Larson RL. 2015. Bovine viral diarrhea virus–associated disease in feedlot cattle. |
| [37] |
Cho YI, Yoon KJ. 2014. An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. |
| [38] |
Over K, Crandall PG, O’Bryan CA, Ricke SC. 2011. Current perspectives on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Johne’s disease, and Crohn’s disease: a review. |
| [39] |
Palmer MA, O'Connell NE. 2015. Digital dermatitis in dairy cows: a review of risk factors and potential sources of between-animal variation in susceptibility. |
| [40] |
Griffin D. 1997. Economic impact associated with respiratory disease in beef cattle. |
| [41] |
Anderson KL. 1980. Transport tetany in a lactating cow. |
| [42] |
Anderson DE, Rings DM. 2009. Current Veterinary Therapy: Food Animal Practice. 5th Edition. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier. 736 pp. https://shop.elsevier.com/books/current-veterinary-therapy/anderson/978-1-4160-3591-6 |
| [43] |
Wang Y, Pang F. 2024. Diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus: an overview of currently available methods. |
| [44] |
World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). 2024. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 13th Edition. www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/A_summry.htm |
| [45] |
Thoen CO, Steele JH, Kaneene JB. 2014. Zoonotic Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium bovis and Other Pathogenic Mycobacteria. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 432 pp. doi: 10.1002/9781118474310 |
| [46] |
Thrusfield M, Christley R, Brown H, Diggle PJ, French N, et al. 2018. Veterinary Epidemiology. 4th Edition. USA: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 896 pp. doi: 10.1002/9781118280249 |
| [47] |
Knight-Jones TJD, Rushton J. 2013. The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – what are they, how big are they and where do they occur? |
| [48] |
Bennett R. 2003. The ‘Direct Costs’ of livestock disease: the development of a system of models for the analysis of 30 endemic livestock diseases in Great Britain. |
| [49] |
Perry BD, Randolph TF, McDermott JJ, Sones KR, Thornton PK. 2002. Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) 148 pp. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/2308 |
| [50] |
Overton TR, Waldron MR. 2004. Nutritional management of transition dairy cows: strategies to optimize metabolic health. |
| [51] |
Taylor JD, Fulton RW, Lehenbauer TW, Step DL, Confer AW. 2010. The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: what is the evidence for predisposing factors? The Canadian Veterinary Journal 51:1095−1102 |
| [52] |
Stokka GL. 2010. Prevention of respiratory disease in cow/calf operations. |
| [53] |
Bartlett PC, Ruggiero VJ, Hutchinson HC, Droscha CJ, Norby B, et al. 2020. Current developments in the epidemiology and control of enzootic bovine leukosis as caused by bovine leukemia virus. |
| [54] |
Burny A, Bruck C, Cleuter Y, Couez D, Deschamps J, et al. 1985. Bovine leukaemia virus and enzootic bovine leukosis. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 52:133−144 |
| [55] |
Mulligan FJ, O’Grady L, Rice DA, Doherty, ML. 2006. A herd health approach to dairy cow nutrition and production diseases of the transition cow. |
| [56] |
Namazi F, Khodakaram Tafti A. 2021. Lumpy skin disease, an emerging transboundary viral disease: a review. |
| [57] |
Aiello SE, Moses MA. 2016. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 11th Edition. Kenilworth, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc. 3,325 pp. www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Merck+Veterinary+Manual,+11th+Edition-p-9780911910612 |
| [58] |
Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Leonard FC, FitzPatrick ES, Fanning S, et al. 2011. Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 928 pp. www.wiley.com/go/quinn/veterinarymicrobiology |
| [59] |
Hady MM, Melegy TM, Anwar SR. 2018. Impact of the Egyptian summer season on oxidative stress biomarkers and some physiological parameters in crossbred cows and Egyptian buffaloes. |
| [60] |
Abdel Monem M, El Sherei A, Rai N, Abouzeid F. 2025. Investing in climate-smart dairy value chains in Egypt – Risks and opportunities for private sector engagement. Cairo, Egypt: FAO. 70 pp. doi: 10.4060/cd7209en |
| [61] |
Lean IJ, Van Saun R, DeGaris PJ. 2013. Energy and protein nutrition management of transition dairy cows. |
| [62] |
Yehia SG, Ramadan ES, Megahed EA, Salem NY. 2020. Effect of parity on metabolic and oxidative stress profiles in Holstein dairy cows. |
| [63] |
Hu ZL, Park CA, Reecy JM. 2022. Bringing the Animal QTLdb and CorrDB into the future: meeting new challenges and providing updated services. |
| [64] |
Alexandersen S, Zhang Z, Donaldson AI. 2002. Aspects of the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animals—the carrier problem. |
| [65] |
Bishop SC, Woolliams JA. 2014. Genomics and disease resistance studies in livestock. |
| [66] |
Chen H, Wang C, Conomos MP, Stilp AM, Li Z, et al. 2016. Control for population structure and relatedness for binary traits in genetic association studies via logistic mixed models. |
| [67] |
Glass EJ, Baxter R, Leach RJ, Jann OC. 2012. Genes controlling vaccine responses and disease resistance to respiratory viral pathogens in cattle. |
| [68] |
Kadarmideen HN. 2014. Genomics to systems biology in animal and veterinary sciences: progress, lessons and opportunities. |
| [69] |
Jensen J, Su G, Madsen P. 2012. Partitioning additive genetic variance into genomic and remaining polygenic components for complex traits in dairy cattle. |
| [70] |
Georges M, Charlier C, Hayes B. 2019. Harnessing genomic information for livestock improvement. |
| [71] |
Cole JB, VanRaden PM. 2018. Symposium review: possibilities in an age of genomics: the future of selection indices. |
| [72] |
Martin P, Barkema HW, Brito LF, Narayana SG, Miglior F. 2018. Symposium review: novel strategies to genetically improve mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. |
| [73] |
Lopes F, Rosa G, Pinedo P, Santos JEP, Chebel RC, et al. 2020. Genome-enable prediction for health traits using high-density SNP panel in US Holstein cattle. |
| [74] |
Rauw WM. 2012. Immune response from a resource allocation perspective. |
| [75] |
Wiggans GR, Carrillo JA. 2022. Genomic selection in United States dairy cattle. |
| [76] |
Bishop SC. 2012. A consideration of resistance and tolerance for ruminant nematode infections. |
| [77] |
Leal Yepes FA, Nydam DV, Mann S, Caixeta L, McArt JAA, et al. 2019. Longitudinal phenotypes improve genotype association for hyperketonemia in dairy cattle. |
| [78] |
Zhu Y, Bu D, Ma L. 2022. Integration of multiplied omics, a step forward in systematic dairy research. |
| [79] |
Miglior F, Fleming A, Malchiodi F, Brito LF, Martin P, et al. 2017. A 100-year review: identification and genetic selection of economically important traits in dairy cattle. |