[1]

Xia C, Zuo Y, Xue T, Kang M, Zhang H, et al. 2023. The genetic structure and demographic history revealed by whole-genome resequencing provide insights into conservation of critically endangered Artocarpus nanchuanensis. Frontiers in Plant Science 14:1224308

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1224308
[2]

Choi IS, Han E, Wojciechowski MF, Heo TK, Park JS, et al. 2023. The genetic structure and demographic history of Zabelia tyaihyonii, endemic to Korean limestone karst forests, based on genome-wide SNP markers. Ecology and Evolution 13:e10252

doi: 10.1002/ece3.10252
[3]

Yakimowski SB, Southcott L, Barrett SCH. 2022. Contrasting patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation across the continental disjunct range of a sexually polymorphic aquatic plant. Annals of Botany 130:27−40

doi: 10.1093/aob/mcac056
[4]

Besnard G, Terral JF, Cornille A. 2018. On the origins and domestication of the olive: a review and perspectives. Annals of Botany 121:385−403

doi: 10.1093/aob/mcx145
[5]

Burle ML, Fonseca JR, Kami JA, Gepts P. 2010. Microsatellite diversity and genetic structure among common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces in Brazil, a secondary center of diversity. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 121:801−813

doi: 10.1007/s00122-010-1350-5
[6]

Yang MY, Yang EC, Kim MS. 2020. Genetic diversity hotspot of the amphi-Pacific macroalga Gloiopeltis furcata sensu lato (Gigartinales, Florideophyceae). Journal of Applied Phycology 32:2515−2522

doi: 10.1007/s10811-019-02017-y
[7]

Gamba D, Muchhala N. 2023. Pollinator type strongly impacts gene flow within and among plant populations for six Neotropical species. Ecology 104:e3845

doi: 10.1002/ecy.3845
[8]

Cheng J, Kao H, Dong S. 2020. Population genetic structure and gene flow of rare and endangered Tetraena mongolica Maxim. revealed by reduced representation sequencing. BMC Plant Biology 20:391

doi: 10.1186/s12870-020-02594-y
[9]

Hufford MB, Lubinksy P, Pyhäjärvi T, Devengenzo MT, Ellstrand NC, et al. 2013. The genomic signature of crop-wild introgression in maize. PLoS Genetics 9:e1003477

doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003477
[10]

Heslop-Harrison JS, Schwarzacher T. 2007. Domestication, genomics and the future for banana. Annals of Botany 100:1073−1084

doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm191
[11]

Wu GA, Prochnik S, Jenkins J, Salse J, Hellsten U, Murat F, et al. 2014. Sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication. Nature Biotechnology 32:656−662

doi: 10.1038/nbt.2906
[12]

Warschefsky EJ, von Wettberg EJB. 2019. Population genomic analysis of mango (Mangifera indica) suggests a complex history of domestication. New Phytologist 222:2023−2037

doi: 10.1111/nph.15731
[13]

Olsen KM, Wendel JF. 2013. A bountiful harvest: genomic insights into crop domestication phenotypes. Annual Review of Plant Biology 64:47−70

doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120048
[14]

Flowers JM, Hazzouri KM, Gros-Balthazard M, Mo Z, Koutroumpa K, et al. 2019. Cross-species hybridization and the origin of North African date palms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116:1651−1658

doi: 10.1073/pnas.1817453116
[15]

Aerts R, Berecha G, Gijbels P, Hundera K, Van Glabeke S, et al. 2013. Genetic variation and risks of introgression in the wild Coffea arabica gene pool in south-western Ethiopian montane rainforests. Evolutionary Applications 6:243−252

doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00285.x
[16]

Delplancke M, Alvarez N, Espíndola A, Joly H, Benoit L, et al. 2012. Gene flow among wild and domesticated almond species: insights from chloroplast and nuclear markers. Evolutionary Applications 5:317−329

doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00223.x
[17]

Cornille A, Giraud T, Smulders MJM, Roldán-Ruiz I, Gladieux P. 2014. The domestication and evolutionary ecology of apples. Trends in Genetics 30:57−65

doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.10.002
[18]

Wedger MJ, Schumann AC, Gross BL. 2021. Candidate genes and signatures of directional selection on fruit quality traits during apple domestication. American Journal of Botany 108:616−627

doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1636
[19]

Davies T, Watts S, McClure K, Migicovsky Z, Myles S. 2022. Phenotypic divergence between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor (Malus sieversii). PLoS One 17:e0250751

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250751
[20]

Cornille A, Antolín F, Garcia E, Vernesi C, Fietta A, Brinkkemper O, et al. 2019. A multifaceted overview of apple tree domestication. Trends in Plant Science 24:770−782

doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.05.007
[21]

Zhou H, Zhao P, Woeste K, Zhang S. 2021. Gene flow among wild and cultivated common walnut (Juglans regia) trees in the Qinling Mountains revealed by microsatellite markers. Journal of Forestry Research 32:2189−2201

doi: 10.1007/s11676-020-01254-z
[22]

Yan LJ, Fan PZ, Wambulwa MC, Qi HL, Chen Y, et al. 2024. Human-associated genetic landscape of walnuts in the Himalaya: implications for conservation and utilization. Diversity and Distributions 30:e13809

doi: 10.1111/ddi.13809
[23]

Ding YM, Cao Y, Zhang WP, Chen J, Liu J, et al. 2022. Population-genomic analyses reveal bottlenecks and asymmetric introgression from Persian into iron walnut during domestication. Genome Biology 23:145

doi: 10.1186/s13059-022-02720-z
[24]

Liu J, Magige EA, Fan PZ, Wambulwa MC, Luo YH, et al. 2023. Genetic imprints of grafting in wild iron walnut populations in southwestern China. BMC Plant Biology 23:423

doi: 10.1186/s12870-023-04428-z
[25]

Zhang Q, Ree RH, Salamin N, Xing Y, Silvestro D. 2021. Fossil-informed models reveal a boreotropical origin and divergent evolutionary trajectories in the walnut family (Juglandaceae). Systematic Biology 71:242−258

doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syab030
[26]

Aradhya MK, Potter D, Gao F, Simon CJ. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of Juglans (Juglandaceae): a biogeographic perspective. Tree Genetics & Genomes 3:363−378

doi: 10.1007/s11295-006-0078-5
[27]

Woodworth RH. 1930. Meiosis of microsporogenesis in the Juglandaceae. American Journal of Botany 17:863−869

doi: 10.2307/2435868
[28]

Mu Y, Xi R, Lu Z. 1990. 核桃属部分种的小孢子发生观察及核型分析 [Microsporogenesis observation and karyotype analysis of some species in genus Juglans L.]. 植物科学学报 [Plant Science Journal] 8:301−310 (in Chinese)

[29]

Lu AM, Stone DE, Grauke LJ. 1999. Juglandaceae. In Flora of China, eds. Wu ZY, Raven PH. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 277–285 www.researchgate.net/publication/285744209_Juglandaceae

[30]

Xi RT, Zhang YP. 1996. 核桃属植物志 [Walnut flora]. In 中国果树志 [China Fruit-Plant Monograph], eds. Zhao HC, Tian BF. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House. 264 pp. (in Chinese) www.nhbs.com/china-fruit-plant-monograph-volume-3-walnut-flora-chinese-book?srsltid=AfmBOoqXBiu_oXNOuJ33chIgb51QAUYnFWUef4p5vyyCcYUNuHEYTNnY

[31]

Wang H, Pan G, Ma Q, Zhang J, Pei D. 2015. The genetic diversity and introgression of Juglans regia and Juglans sigillata in Tibet as revealed by SSR markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes 11:1

doi: 10.1007/s11295-014-0804-3
[32]

Fan PZ, Zhu GF, Wambulwa MC, Milne RI, Wu ZY, et al. 2026. Genetic origins and climate-induced erosion in economically important Asian walnuts. Conservation Biology 40:e70125

doi: 10.1111/cobi.70125
[33]

Gunn BF, Aradhya M, Salick JM, Miller AJ, Yang Y, et al. 2010. Genetic variation in walnuts (Juglans regia and J. sigillata; Juglandaceae): species distinctions, human impacts, and the conservation of agrobiodiversity in Yunnan, China. American Journal of Botany 97:660−671

doi: 10.3732/ajb.0900114
[34]

Li X, Wang X, Zhang D, Huang J, Shi W, et al. 2024. Historical spread routes of wild walnuts in Central Asia shaped by man-made and nature. Frontiers in Plant Science 15:1394409

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1394409
[35]

Li H, Zuo X, Kang L, Ren L, Liu F, Liu H, et al. 2016. Prehistoric agriculture development in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, southwest China: archaeobotanical evidence. Science China Earth Sciences 59:1562−1573

doi: 10.1007/s11430-016-5292-x
[36]

Dal Martello R, Li X, Fuller DQ. 2021. Two-season agriculture and irrigated rice during the Dian: radiocarbon dates and archaeobotanical remains from Dayingzhuang, Yunnan, Southwest China. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13:62

doi: 10.1007/s12520-020-01268-y
[37]

Chen J. 2007. 波西、营盘山及沙乌都——浅析岷江上游新石器文化演变的阶段性 [Boxi, Yingpanshan and Shawudu – the developmental stages of Neolithic cultural change in the upper Min River]. 考古与文物 [Archaeology and Cultural Relics] 5:65−70 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7830.2007.05.010
[38]

Dal Martello R. 2022. The origins of multi-cropping agriculture in Southwestern China: archaeobotanical insights from third to first millennium B.C. Yunnan. Asian Archaeology 6:65−85

doi: 10.1007/s41826-022-00052-2
[39]

Zhang J, Storozum MJ, Chen W, Rao Z, Hamilton R, Zheng Z, et al. 2023. Climatic shifts, geomorphic change, ancient routes of migration and adaption in southwestern China: Site formation processes at Luojiaba, Sichuan Province. Geoarchaeology 38:351−370

doi: 10.1002/gea.21950
[40]

Hein A. 2014. Introduction: diffusionism, migration, and the archaeology of the Chinese border regions. In The "Crescent-Shaped Cultural-Communication Belt": Tong Enzheng's Model in Retrospect, ed. Hein A. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 1−17 www.academia.edu/75667182/Diffusionism_Migration_and_the_Archaeology_of_the_Chinese_Border_Region

[41]

Hein AM. 2014. Interregional contacts and geographic preconditions in the prehistoric Liangshan region, Southwest China. Quaternary International 348:194−213

doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.011
[42]

Allard F. 2005. Frontiers and boundaries: the Han Empire from its southern periphery. In Archaeology of Asia, ed. Stark MT. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 233–245 doi: 10.1002/9780470774670.ch11

[43]

Guo Q. 2014. Plant hybridization: the role of human disturbance and biological invasion. Diversity and Distributions 20:1345−1354

doi: 10.1111/ddi.12245
[44]

Burgarella C, Barnaud A, Kane NA, Jankowski F, Scarcelli N, et al. 2019. Adaptive introgression: an untapped evolutionary mechanism for crop adaptation. Frontiers in Plant Science 10:4

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00004
[45]

Zhang S, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Hao Y, et al. 2024. Identification and genetic diversity analysis of specific walnut F1 progeny based on SSR molecular markers: taking heart-shaped walnuts and Jinghong 1 as examples. Scientific Reports 14:27869

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73377-w
[46]

Chen CJ, Pang XX, Ding YM, Zhang WP, Yang Y, et al. 2026. Resolving sampling and population-size biases in domestication genomics supports a South Asian origin of walnuts. Genome Biology 27:61

doi: 10.1186/s13059-026-03959-6
[47]

Qi H, Fan P, Wang Y, Liu J. 2023. Genetic diversity and population structure of Juglans regia from six provinces in northern China. Biodiversity Science 31:23120

doi: 10.17520/biods.2023120
[48]

Ji F, Ma Q, Zhang W, Liu J, Feng Y, et al. 2021. A genome variation map provides insights into the genetics of walnut adaptation and agronomic traits. Genome Biology 22:300

doi: 10.1186/s13059-021-02517-6
[49]

Doyle JJ, Doyle JL. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19:11−15

[50]

Liu J, Gao LM. 2011. 三种红豆杉属植物总 DNA 提取方法的分析与比较 [Analysis and comparison of three different total DNA extraction methods for Taxus species]. 广西植物 [Guihaia] 31:244−249, 159 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3142.2011.03.020
[51]

Xu ZC, Jin YC, Milne RI, Xiahou ZY, Qin HT, et al. 2020. Development of 32 novel microsatellite loci in Juglans sigillata using genomic data. Applications in Plant Sciences 8:e11328

doi: 10.1002/aps3.11328
[52]

Xiahou ZY, Wambulwa MC, Xu ZC, Ye LJ, Fan PZ, et al. 2023. A multiplex PCR system of novel microsatellite loci for population genetic application in walnuts. Plants 12:4101

doi: 10.3390/plants12244101
[53]

Peakall R, Smouse PE. 2012. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research—an update. Bioinformatics 28:2537−2539

doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460
[54]

Ellstrand NC, Roose ML. 1987. Patterns of genotypic diversity in clonal plant species. American Journal of Botany 74:123−131

doi: 10.2307/2444338
[55]

Halkett F, Simon JC, Balloux F. 2005. Tackling the population genetics of clonal and partially clonal organisms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20:194−201

doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.01.001
[56]

Balloux F, Lehmann L, de Meeûs T. 2003. The population genetics of clonal and partially clonal diploids. Genetics 164:1635−1644

doi: 10.1093/genetics/164.4.1635
[57]

Eckert CG. 2001. The loss of sex in clonal plants. Evolutionary Ecology 15:501−520

doi: 10.1023/A:1016005519651
[58]

Excoffier L, Lischer HEL. 2010. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources 10:564−567

doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x
[59]

Dieringer D, Schlötterer C. 2003. Microsatellite analyser (MSA): a platform independent analysis tool for large microsatellite data sets. Molecular Ecology Notes 3:167−169

doi: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00351.x
[60]

Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945−959

doi: 10.1093/genetics/155.2.945
[61]

Earl DA, vonHoldt BM. 2012. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetics Resources 4:359−361

doi: 10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7
[62]

Jakobsson M, Rosenberg NA. 2007. CLUMPP: a cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure. Bioinformatics 23:1801−1806

doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm233
[63]

Rosenberg NA. 2004. Distruct: a program for the graphical display of population structure. Molecular Ecology Notes 4:137−138

doi: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00566.x
[64]

Wickham H. 2009. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. 1st Edition. New York: Springer. 213 pp. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-98141-3

[65]

Langella O. 2018. POPULATIONS 1.2.31. Population genetic software. France: CNRS UPR9034. www.bioinformatics.org/~tryphon/populations

[66]

Yu G, Smith DK, Zhu H, Guan Y, Lam TT. 2017. ggtree: an R package for visualization and annotation of phylogenetic trees with their covariates and other associated data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 8:28−36

doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12628
[67]

Huson DH, Bryant D. 2006. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23:254−267

doi: 10.1093/molbev/msj030
[68]

Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, et al. 2018. Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5-3. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/index.html

[69]

Manni F, Guerard E, Heyer E. 2004. Geographic patterns of (genetic, morphologic, linguistic) variation: how barriers can be detected by using Monmonier's algorithm. Human Biology 76:173−190

doi: 10.1353/hub.2004.0034
[70]

Collin FD, Durif G, Raynal L, Lombaert E, Gautier M, et al. 2021. Extending approximate Bayesian computation with supervised machine learning to infer demographic history from genetic polymorphisms using DIYABC Random Forest. Molecular Ecology Resources 21:2598−2613

doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13413
[71]

Waples RS, Do C. 2010. Linkage disequilibrium estimates of contemporary Ne using highly variable genetic markers: a largely untapped resource for applied conservation and evolution. Evolutionary Applications 3:244−262

doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00104.x
[72]

Blair C, Jiménez Arcos VH, de la Cruz FRM, Murphy RW. 2015. Historical and contemporary demography of leaf-toed geckos (Phyllodactylidae: Phyllodactylus tuberculosus saxatilis) in the Mexican dry forest. Conservation Genetics 16:419−429

doi: 10.1007/s10592-014-0668-y
[73]

Waples RS, Hindar K, Hard JJ. 2012. Genetic risks associated with marine aquaculture. U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-119. 149 pp. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/4247

[74]

Beerli P, Mashayekhi S, Sadeghi M, Khodaei M, Shaw K. 2019. Population genetic inference with MIGRATE. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics 68:e87

doi: 10.1002/cpbi.87
[75]

SRA Toolkit Development Team. 2020. SRA Toolkit. https://github.com/ncbi/sra-tools

[76]

Jin JJ, Yu WB, Yang JB, Song Y, dePamphilis CW, et al. 2020. GetOrganelle: a fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. Genome Biology 21:241

doi: 10.1186/s13059-020-02154-5
[77]

Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, et al. 2012. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28:1647−1649

doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
[78]

Aktaş C. 2025. haplotypes: Manipulating DNA sequences and estimating unambiguous haplotype network with statistical parsimony. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/haplotypes/index.html

[79]

Leigh JW, Bryant D. 2015. Popart: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6:1110−1116

doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12410
[80]

Dawson N, Fischer J, Kuhn M, Pasotti A, mhugent, et al. 2025. QGIS: 3.44.0. Geneva, Switzerland: Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15705458

[81]

Minh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, Schrempf D, Woodhams MD, et al. 2020. IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Molecular Biology and Evolution 37:1530−1534

doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaa015
[82]

Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, et al. 2012. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61:539−542

doi: 10.1093/sysbio/sys029
[83]

Jombart T. 2008. Adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers. Bioinformatics 24:1403−1405

doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn129
[84]

Feng G, Mao L, Sandel B, Swenson NG, Svenning JC. 2016. High plant endemism in China is partially linked to reduced glacial-interglacial climate change. Journal of Biogeography 43:145−154

doi: 10.1111/jbi.12613
[85]

Fu J, Wen L. 2023. Impacts of Quaternary glaciation, geological history and geography on animal species history in continental East Asia: a phylogeographic review. Molecular Ecology 32:4497−4514

doi: 10.1111/mec.17053
[86]

Tang CQ, Matsui T, Ohashi H, Dong YF, Momohara A, et al. 2018. Identifying long-term stable refugia for relict plant species in East Asia. Nature Communications 9:4488

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06837-3
[87]

Zhao J, Wang J, Yang X. 2019. 中国东部 (东经 105° 以东) 第四纪冰川研究回顾、进展及展望 [Review, progress and prospect of the Quaternary glaciations in eastern China (east to 105° E)]. 冰川冻土 [Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology] 41:75−92 (in Chinese)

doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-0240.2019.0054
[88]

Liu C, Wang J, Ko YZ, Shiao MS, Wang Y, et al. 2024. Genetic diversities in wild and cultivated populations of the two closely-related medical plants species, Tripterygium wilfordii and T. hypoglaucum (Celastraceae). BMC Plant Biology 24:195

doi: 10.1186/s12870-024-04826-x
[89]

Hyten DL, Song Q, Zhu Y, Choi IY, Nelson RL, et al. 2006. Impacts of genetic bottlenecks on soybean genome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:16666−16671

doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604379103
[90]

Willig MR, Kaufman DM, Stevens RD. 2003. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34:273−309

doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.012103.144032
[91]

Dynesius M, Jansson R. 2000. Evolutionary consequences of changes in species' geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:9115−9120

doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.16.9115
[92]

Sandel B, Arge L, Dalsgaard B, Davies RG, Gaston KJ, et al. 2011. The influence of late quaternary climate-change velocity on species endemism. Science 334:660−664

doi: 10.1126/science.1210173
[93]

Gamba D, Muchhala N. 2020. Global patterns of population genetic differentiation in seed plants. Molecular Ecology 29:3413−3428

doi: 10.1111/mec.15575
[94]

Wambulwa MC, Luo YH, Zhu GF, Milne R, Wachira FN, et al. 2022. Determinants of genetic structure in a highly heterogeneous landscape in southwest China. Frontiers in Plant Science 13:779989

doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.779989
[95]

Wambulwa MC, Zhu GF, Luo YH, Wu ZY, Provan J, et al. 2025. Incorporating genetic diversity to optimize the plant conservation network in the third pole. Global Change Biology 31:e70122

doi: 10.1111/gcb.70122
[96]

Qiu YX, Fu CX, Comes HP. 2011. Plant molecular phylogeography in China and adjacent regions: tracing the genetic imprints of Quaternary climate and environmental change in the world’s most diverse temperate flora. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59:225−244

doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.01.012
[97]

Liu J, Möller M, Provan J, Gao LM, Poudel RC, et al. 2013. Geological and ecological factors drive cryptic speciation of yews in a biodiversity hotspot. New Phytologist 199:1093−1108

doi: 10.1111/nph.12336
[98]

Abbott RJ, Smith LC, Milne RI, Crawford RMM, Wolff K, et al. 2000. Molecular analysis of plant migration and refugia in the Arctic. Science 289:1343−1346

doi: 10.1126/science.289.5483.1343
[99]

Hewitt G. 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405:907−913

doi: 10.1038/35016000
[100]

Feng S, Bai M, Rivas-González I, Li C, Liu S, et al. 2022. Incomplete lineage sorting and phenotypic evolution in marsupials. Cell 185:1646−1660.e18

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.034
[101]

Pezzi PH, Wheeler LC, Freitas LB, Smith SD. 2024. Incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization underlie tree discordance in Petunia and related genera (Petunieae, Solanaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 198:108136

doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108136
[102]

Tiley GP, Flouri T, Jiao X, Poelstra JW, Xu B, et al. 2023. Estimation of species divergence times in presence of cross-species gene flow. Systematic Biology 72:820−836

doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syad015
[103]

Soares AER, Schrago CG. 2012. The influence of taxon sampling and tree shape on molecular dating: an empirical example from mammalian mitochondrial genomes. Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 6:BBI.S9677

doi: 10.4137/BBI.S9677
[104]

Yan P, Zhang L, Hao J, Sun G, Hu Z, et al. 2024. Construction of a core collection of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) clones based on morphological and physiological traits and genetic analysis. Forests 15:534

doi: 10.3390/f15030534
[105]

Ye L, Shavvon RS, Qi H, Wu H, Fan P, et al. 2024. Population genetic insights into the conservation of common walnut (Juglans regia) in Central Asia. Plant Diversity 46:600−610

doi: 10.1016/j.pld.2024.06.001
[106]

Sun YW, Hou N, Woeste K, Zhang C, Yue M, et al. 2019. Population genetic structure and adaptive differentiation of iron walnut Juglans regia subsp. sigillata in southwestern China. Ecology and Evolution 9:14154−14166

doi: 10.1002/ece3.5850
[107]

Yuan XY, Sun YW, Bai XR, Dang M, Feng XJ, et al. 2018. Population structure, genetic diversity, and gene introgression of two closely related walnuts (Juglans regia and J. sigillata) in southwestern China revealed by EST-SSR markers. Forests 9:646

doi: 10.3390/f9100646
[108]

Wambulwa MC, Fan PZ, Milne R, Wu ZY, Luo YH, et al. 2022. Genetic analysis of walnut cultivars from southwest China: implications for germplasm improvement. Plant Diversity 44:530−541

doi: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.08.005
[109]

Lenda M, Knops JH, Skórka P, Moroń D, Woyciechowski M. 2018. Cascading effects of changes in land use on the invasion of the walnut Juglans regia in forest ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 106:671−686

doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12827
[110]

Liu J, Milne RI, Zhu GF, Spicer RA, Wambulwa MC, et al. 2022. Name and scale matter: clarifying the geography of Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountain regions. Global and Planetary Change 215:103893

doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103893
[111]

Qi X, Cui C, Peng Y, Zhang X, Yang Z, et al. 2013. Genetic evidence of paleolithic colonization and neolithic expansion of modern humans on the Tibetan Plateau. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30:1761−1778

doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst093
[112]

Liu L, Chen J, Wang J, Zhao Y, Chen X. 2022. Archaeological evidence for initial migration of Neolithic Proto Sino-Tibetan speakers from Yellow River valley to Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119:e2212006119

doi: 10.1073/pnas.2212006119
[113]

Hsu CY, Baker TD, Duke MS. 2012. China: A New Cultural History. New York: Columbia University Press. 632 pp. www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/hsu-15920

[114]

Shi S. 2018. Ethnic flows in the Tibetan-Yi corridor throughout history. International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 2:2

doi: 10.1186/s41257-018-0009-z
[115]

Fei X. 1982. 关于深入开展民族田野调查问题的探讨 [Debating the problem of carrying out in-depth field ethnographic surveys]. 中南民族大学学报 [Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities] 3:2−6 (in Chinese)

[116]

Elias H. 2024. The Southwest Silk Road: artistic exchange and transmission in early China. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 87:319−344

doi: 10.1017/S0041977X24000120
[117]

Anderson JA. 2009. China's southwestern silk road in world history. World History Connected 6:1−7

doi: 10.13021/whc.v6i1.4838