[1]

Wei J, Wang M, Wang F, Song X, Yu G, et al. 2021. A review on reactivity characteristics and synergy behavior of biomass and coal Co-gasification. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46:17116−17132

doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.162
[2]

Zhang DY, Liu HR, Wang Y. 2021. Blue book on the development potential of carbon-neutral biomass energy under the 30·60 dual-carbon targets. https://huanbao.bjx.com.cn/news/20210915/1177039.shtml

[3]

Ma Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Qu Y, Zhou J, et al. 2012. Design and experimental investigation of a 190 kWe biomass fixed bed gasification and polygeneration pilot plant using a double air stage downdraft approach. Energy 46:140−147

doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.008
[4]

Heidenreich S, Foscolo PU. 2015. New concepts in biomass gasification. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 46:72−95

doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2014.06.002
[5]

Bai Z, Liu Q, Lei J, Li H, Jin H. 2015. A polygeneration system for the methanol production and the power generation with the solar–biomass thermal gasification. Energy Conversion and Management 102:190−201

doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.031
[6]

Ma Z, Chen D, Gu J, Bao B, Zhang Q. 2015. Determination of pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of palm kernel shell using TGA–FTIR and model-free integral methods. Energy Conversion and Management 89:251−259

doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.09.074
[7]

Gama GSP, Santos Pimenta A, Feijó FMC, Aires CAM, de Melo RR, et al. 2024. Antimicrobial impact of wood vinegar produced through co-pyrolysis of eucalyptus wood and aromatic herbs. Antibiotics 13:1056

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13111056
[8]

Gama GSP, Santos Pimenta A, Feijó FMC, de Azevedo TKB, de Melo RR, et al. 2024. The potential of wood vinegar to replace antimicrobials used in animal husbandry − a review. Animals 14:381

doi: 10.3390/ani14030381
[9]

Sansaniwal SK, Pal K, Rosen MA, Tyagi SK. 2017. Recent advances in the development of biomass gasification technology: a comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 72:363−384

doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.038
[10]

Martínez LV, Rubiano JE, Figueredo M, Gómez MF. 2020. Experimental study on the performance of gasification of corncobs in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier at various conditions. Renewable Energy 148:1216−1226

doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.10.034
[11]

Trejo F. 2025. Review of biomass gasification technologies with a particular focus on a downdraft gasifier. Processes 13:2717

doi: 10.3390/pr13092717
[12]

Hoque ME, Rashid F, Aziz M. 2021. Gasification and power generation characteristics of rice husk, sawdust, and coconut shell using a fixed-bed downdraft gasifier. Sustainability 13:2027

doi: 10.3390/su13042027
[13]

Yahaya AZ, Somalu MR, Muchtar A, Sulaiman SA, Wan Daud WR. 2019. Effect of particle size and temperature on gasification performance of coconut and palm kernel shells in downdraft fixed-bed reactor. Energy 175:931−940

doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.138
[14]

Zhu D, Wang Q, Xie G, Ye Z, Zhu Z, et al. 2024. Effect of air equivalence ratio on the characteristics of biomass partial gasification for syngas and biochar co-production in the fluidized bed. Renewable Energy 222:119881

doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.119881
[15]

Situmorang YA, Zhao Z, Yoshida A, Abudula A, Guan G. 2020. Small-scale biomass gasification systems for power generation (<200 kW class): a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 117:109486

doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109486
[16]

Ren J, Cao JP, Zhao XY, Yang FL, Wei XY. 2019. Recent advances in syngas production from biomass catalytic gasification: a critical review on reactors, catalysts, catalytic mechanisms and mathematical models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 116:109426

doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109426
[17]

Mohammed MAA, Salmiaton A, Wan Azlina WAKG, Mohammad Amran MS, Fakhru'l-Razi A. 2011. Air gasification of empty fruit bunch for hydrogen-rich gas production in a fluidized-bed reactor. Energy Conversion and Management 52:1555−1561

doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.10.023
[18]

Gálvez-Pérez A, Martín-Lara MA, Calero M, Pérez A, Canu P, et al. 2021. Experimental investigation on the air gasification of olive cake at low temperatures. Fuel Processing Technology 213:106703

doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106703
[19]

Martínez JD, Mahkamov K, Andrade RV, Silva Lora EE. 2012. Syngas production in downdraft biomass gasifiers and its application using internal combustion engines. Renewable Energy 38:1−9

doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.07.035
[20]

Horvat A, Pandey DS, Kwapinska M, Mello BB, Gómez-Barea A, et al. 2019. Tar yield and composition from poultry litter gasification in a fluidised bed reactor: effects of equivalence ratio, temperature and limestone addition. RSC Advances 9:13283−13296

doi: 10.1039/C9RA02548K
[21]

Jarungthammachote S, Dutta A. 2012. Experimental investigation of a multi-stage air-steam gasification process for hydrogen enriched gas production. International Journal of Energy Research 36:335−345

doi: 10.1002/er.1795
[22]

Lyons Cerón A, Konist A, Lees H, Järvik O. 2021. Effect of woody biomass gasification process conditions on the composition of the producer gas. Sustainability 13:11763

doi: 10.3390/su132111763
[23]

Ma Z, Ye J, Zhao C, Zhang Q. 2015. Gasification of rice husk in a downdraft gasifier: the effect of equivalence ratio on the gasification performance, properties, and utilization analysis of byproducts of char and tar. Bioresources 10:2888−2902

doi: 10.15376/biores.10.2.2888-2902
[24]

Hernández JJ, Aranda G, Barba J, Mendoza JM. 2012. Effect of steam content in the air–steam flow on biomass entrained flow gasification. Fuel Processing Technology 99:43−55

doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.01.030
[25]

Al-Farraji A, Marsh R, Steer J, Valera-Medina A. 2019. Kinetics and performance of raw and torrefied biomass in a continuous bubbling fluidized bed gasifier. Waste and Biomass Valorization 10:1365−1381

doi: 10.1007/s12649-017-0167-8
[26]

Shen D, Zhang L, Xue J, Guan S, Liu Q, et al. 2015. Thermal degradation of xylan-based hemicellulose under oxidative atmosphere. Carbohydrate Polymers 127:363−71

doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.067
[27]

Chen D, Gao A, Cen K, Zhang J, Cao X, et al. 2018. Investigation of biomass torrefaction based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Energy Conversion and Management 169:228−237

doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.063
[28]

Cortazar M, Alvarez J, Lopez G, Amutio M, Santamaria L, et al. 2018. Role of temperature on gasification performance and tar composition in a fountain enhanced conical spouted bed reactor. Energy Conversion and Management 171:1589−1597

doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.06.071
[29]

Feng D, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Sun S. 2017. Effects of H2O and CO2 on the homogeneous conversion and heterogeneous reforming of biomass tar over biochar. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42:13070−13084

doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.018
[30]

Milne TA, Abatzoglou N, Evans RJ. 1998. Biomass gasifier 'tars': their nature, formation, and conversion. Report No. NREL/TP-570-25357. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA. doi: 10.2172/3726

[31]

Phuphuakrat T, Nipattummakul N, Namioka T, Kerdsuwan S, Yoshikawa K. 2010. Characterization of tar content in the syngas produced in a downdraft type fixed bed gasification system from dried sewage sludge. Fuel 89:2278−2284

doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.015
[32]

Kinoshita CM, Wang Y, Zhou J. 1994. Tar formation under different biomass gasification conditions. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 29:169−181

doi: 10.1016/0165-2370(94)00796-9
[33]

Ledesma EB, Kalish MA, Nelson PF, Wornat MJ, Mackie JC. 2000. Formation and fate of PAH during the pyrolysis and fuel-rich combustion of coal primary tar. Fuel 79:1801−1814

doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00044-2
[34]

Phuphuakrat T, Namioka T, Yoshikawa K. 2010. Tar removal from biomass pyrolysis gas in two-step function of decomposition and adsorption. Applied Energy 87:2203−2211

doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.12.002