[1]

Benedict C. 2011. Golden-silk smoke: a history of tobacco in China, 1550−2010. The China Quarterly 209:243−244

doi: 10.1017/S0305741012000148
[2]

Cheon E, Yang YS, Jo S, Hwang J, Jung KJ, et al. 2024. Smoking-attributable mortality in Korea, 2020: a meta-analysis of 4 databases. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 57:327−338

doi: 10.3961/jpmph.23.471
[3]

Zhang L, Ma Y, Men K, Li C, Zhang Z, et al. 2023. Tobacco smoke and all-cause mortality and premature death in China: a cohort study. BMC Public Health 23:2486

doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-17421-w
[4]

Yang XY, Vuolo MC, Wu D. 2022. The toxic gift: reciprocity and social capital in cigarette exchange in China. Health Sociology Review 31:309−325

doi: 10.1080/14461242.2022.2064225
[5]

Yang T, Zhu Z, Barnett R, Zhang W, Jiang S. 2019. Tobacco advertising, anti-tobacco information exposure, environmental smoking restrictions, and unassisted smoking cessation among Chinese male smokers: a population-based study. American Journal of Men's Health 13:1557988319856152

doi: 10.1177/1557988319856152
[6]

Jung-Choi KH, Khang YH, Cho HJ. 2012. Hidden female smokers in Asia: a comparison of self-reported with cotinine-verified smoking prevalence rates in representative national data from an Asian population. Tobacco Control 21:536−542

doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050012
[7]

Park JE, Jeong WM, Choi YJ, Kim SY, Yeob KE, et al. 2024. Tobacco use in Korea: current epidemiology and public health issues. Journal of Korean Medical Science 39:e328

doi: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e328
[8]

Boo S, Oh H. 2019. Women's smoking: relationships among emotional labor, cccupational stress, and health promotion. Workplace Health & Safety 67:361−370

doi: 10.1177/2165079918823214
[9]

Barnett R, Yang T, Yang XY. 2021. Smoking Environments in China: Challenges for Tobacco Control. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 353 pp. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-76143-1

[10]

Yang G, Ma J, Chen A, Zhang Y, Samet JM, et al. 2001. Smoking cessation in China: findings from the 1996 national prevalence survey. Tobacco Control 10:170−174

doi: 10.1136/tc.10.2.170
[11]

Fong GT, Yuan J, Craig LV, Xu SS, Meng G, et al. 2021. Achieving the goals of healthy China 2030 depends on increasing smoking cessation in China: comparative findings from the ITC project in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. China CDC Weekly 3:463−467

doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.120
[12]

Liao Y, Wu Q, Kelly BC, Zhang F, Tang YY, et al. 2018. Effectiveness of a text-messaging-based smoking cessation intervention ("Happy Quit") for smoking cessation in China: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Medicine 15:e1002713

doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002713
[13]

Bottorff JL, Haines-Saah R, Kelly MT, Oliffe JL, Torchalla I, et al. 2014. Gender, smoking and tobacco reduction and cessation: a scoping review. International Journal for Equity in Health 13:114

doi: 10.1186/s12939-014-0114-2
[14]

Park K, Kim DB, Shin JY, Nam CM, Park EC. 2025. Association between type of smoking and smoking cessation plans in Korean adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Tobacco Induced Diseases 23:1−9

doi: 10.18332/tid/199511
[15]

Huang X, Fu W, Zhang H, Li H, Li X, et al. 2019. Why are male Chinese smokers unwilling to quit? A multicentre cross-sectional study on smoking rationalisation and intention to quit. BMJ Open 9:e025285

doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025285
[16]

Yang XY, Kelly BC, Yang T. 2014. The influence of self-exempting beliefs and social networks on daily smoking: a mediation relationship explored. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 28:921−927

doi: 10.1037/a0037176
[17]

Becker HS. 1953. Becoming a marihuana user. American Journal of Sociology 59:235−242

doi: 10.1086/221326
[18]

Hawdon JE. 2005. Drug and alcohol consumption as functions of social structures: a cross-cultural sociology. Lewiston, NY, USA: Edwin Mellen Press. 436 pp. https://mellenpress.com/book/Drug-And-Alcohol-Consumption-As-Functions-Of-Social-Structures-A-Cross-cultural-Sociology/6254

[19]

Peretti-Watel P, Moatti JP. 2006. Understanding risk behaviours: how the sociology of deviance may contribute? The case of drug-taking. Social Science & Medicine 63:675−679

doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.01.029
[20]

Link B, Phelan J. 2010. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities. In Handbook of Medical Sociology, eds. Bird CE, Conrad P, Fremont AM, Timmermans S. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 3−17 doi: 10.2307/j.ctv16h2n9s.4

[21]

Choi Y, Zheng H. 2023. Onset and cessation of smoking: temporal dynamics and racial difference in educational smoking disparities among women. Population Research and Policy Review 42:84

doi: 10.1007/s11113-023-09830-x
[22]

Takakura M. 2011. Does social trust at school affect students' smoking and drinking behavior in Japan? Social Science & Medicine 72:299−306

doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.003
[23]

Altemeyer B. 1981. Right-Wing Authoritarianism. Winnipeg, The University of Manitoba Press. 12 pp. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34701.41448

[24]

Park M. 2012. Filial piety and parental responsibility: an interpretive phenomenological study of family caregiving for a person with mental illness among Korean immigrants. BMC Nursing 11:28

doi: 10.1186/1472-6955-11-28
[25]

Yang XY, Hendley A. 2018. The gendered effects of substance use on employment stability in transitional China. Health Sociology Review 27:312−329

doi: 10.1080/14461242.2018.1495572
[26]

Yang T, Barnett R, Jiang S, Yu L, Xian H, et al. 2016. Gender balance and its impact on male and female smoking rates in Chinese cities. Social Science & Medicine 154:9−17

doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.035
[27]

Ha SH, Lee GE, Hwang JS, Lee JH. 2024. Resistance to anti-smoking messages related to the higher smoking stigma of Korean female smokers. Frontiers in Psychology 15:1427201

doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1427201
[28]

Gunter R, Szeto E, Jeong SH, Suh S, Waters AJ. 2020. Cigarette smoking in South Korea: a narrative review. Korean Journal of Family Medicine 41:3−13

doi: 10.4082/kjfm.18.0015
[29]

Canton H. 2021. Organisation for economic co-operation and development—OECD. In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021. London: Routledge. pp. 677−687 doi: 10.4324/9781003179900-102

[30]

Dynan K, Kirkegaard JF, Stansbury A. 2022. Why gender disparities persist in South Korea's labor market. In Working Paper Series. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics. 42 pp. https://ideas.repec.org/p/iie/wpaper/wp22-11.html

[31]

Chung W, Lim S, Lee S. 2010. Factors influencing gender differences in smoking and their separate contributions: evidence from South Korea. Social Science & Medicine 70:1966−1973

doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.025
[32]

Richiardi L, Pizzi C, Pearce N. 2013. Commentary: representativeness is usually not necessary and often should be avoided. International Journal of Epidemiology 42:1018−1022

doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt103
[33]

Schoenfeld DA. 1983. Sample-size formula for the proportional-hazards regression model. Biometrics 39:499−503

doi: 10.2307/2531021
[34]

Lin K. 2023. Filial piety and public attitudes towards same-sex sexual behaviour in China—evidence from the Chinese general social survey. Culture, Health & Sexuality 25:1543−1558

doi: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2164799
[35]

Yeh KH, Bedford O. 2003. A test of the dual filial piety model. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 6:215−228

doi: 10.1046/j.1467-839x.2003.00122.x
[36]

Kroska A. 2023. Gender ideology. In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, ed. Ritzer G. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1−11 doi: 10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosg019.pub2

[37]

Son J. 2020. Social Capital. Medford, MA: Polity. 200 pp. www.wiley.com/en-us/Social+Capital-p-9781509513789

[38]

Fagbamigbe AF, Desai R, Sewpaul R, Kandala NB, Sekgala D, et al. 2020. Age at the onset of tobacco smoking in South Africa: a discrete-time survival analysis of the prognostic factors. Archives of Public Health 78:128

doi: 10.1186/s13690-020-00503-1
[39]

Kleinbaum DG, Klein M. 2006. Survival Analysis: A Self-Learning Text. 2nd Edition. New York: Springer-Verlag. 590 pp. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2006.00540_18.x

[40]

Greaves L, Oliffe JL, Ponic P, Kelly MT, Bottorff JL. 2010. Unclean fathers, responsible men: smoking, stigma and fatherhood. Health Sociology Review 19:522−533

doi: 10.5172/hesr.2010.19.4.522
[41]

Lease SH, Shuman WA, Gage AN. 2019. Incorporating traditional masculinity ideology into health promotion models: differences for African American/Black and White men. Psychology of Men & Masculinities 20:128−141

doi: 10.1037/men0000151.supp
[42]

Suh M, Im B, Lee HJ, Kim KS, Sohn M. 2023. Smoking cessation strategies for women: an analysis of smoking cessation determinants among Korean female smokers participating in a smoking cessation outreach program. Health Promotion Perspectives 13:54−60

doi: 10.34172/hpp.2023.07
[43]

Hermalin AI, Lowry DS. 2012. The decline of smoking among female birth cohorts in China in the 20th century: a case of arrested diffusion? Population Research and Policy Review 31:545−570

doi: 10.1007/s11113-012-9239-4
[44]

Mao A, Bristow K, Robinson J. 2013. Caught in a dilemma: why do non-smoking women in China support the smoking behaviors of men in their families? Health Education Research 28:153−164

doi: 10.1093/her/cys078
[45]

Murphy J. 2015. Illness or deviance? Drug Courts, Drug Treatment, and the Ambiguity of Addiction. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 219 pp. www.jstor.org/stable/26545793

[46]

Becker HS. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Simon and Schuster. 179 pp. https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/42/3/389/2227949?login=false

[47]

Kim Y. 2019. Perceived social status and unhealthy habits in Korea. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 194:1−5

doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.014
[48]

Park MB, Kim CB, Nam EW, Hong KS. 2014. Does South Korea have hidden female smokers: discrepancies in smoking rates between self-reports and urinary cotinine level. BMC Women's Health 14:156

doi: 10.1186/s12905-014-0156-z